618 LIST OF STEMS. [EVH. ANN. 40, 
usage. I therefore give the rules known to me, and it will be seen 
that these apply in the vast majority of cases, even if not absolutely 
exhaustive: (1) Final t of -at-, -gat-, -migat- is retained before -ni-, 
-wi, -sA, e being inserted in cases where consonantic clusters would 
ensue which are foreign to Fox; (2) final.t of -at-, -gat-, -migaAt- is 
lost before -gi, -ge, -ge'e and negatives in -gini (such are the true 
forms), and these then are converted into -'ki, ete.; (3) -et- appar- 
ently behaves the same in retaining final t under the conditions given 
above, but also before -gi, etc., e being inserted to prevent the com- 
bination -tg-; (4) the final n of -an-, -gen-, -‘cin-, -‘sen- is retained 
terminally (-e being added), before -y- (which then disappears), -wa, 
-wagi (which then appears as -6gi), -w“tci (o inserted), -wi, -wani 
(which then appears as -Oni), -gwiini (u inserted), and the obscure 
-o'ApA; naturally all these combinations can not occur with all the 
stems listed; (5) the final n of -an-, -gen-, -‘cin-, -‘sen- disappears 
in case the stems occur before -gA, -gi, -ge, -ge’e (and the g in all cases 
is retained, in sharp contrast with rule 2), -‘sA (in contrast with 
rule 1), -ti-, -ni-, -n-, -m-; (6) -An- in the combination wigan- retains 
the n before the negative suffix -gini, e being inserted to prevent the 
cluster -ng- which is foreign to Fox. There is evidence to show that 
the same or similar rules obtain in several other Algonquian 
languages. 
Copulas (auxiliaries) can not be used indifferently with any given 
verbal stem, but, on the contrary, are restricted in use. I have 
therefore indicated under the main stem what copula or copulas 
goes with it when it or they are known. Similarly, it is important 
to know what instrumental particle or particles are used with any 
given verbal stem, for in Fox every transitive, middle, or passive 
verb (with a very few exceptions) requires an instrumental particle, 
whether these have retained their original meanings or have become 
purely conventional in use. Accordingly, where possible with the 
present means at my disposal, I have indicated the instrumental 
particle or particles that are combined with verbal stems. It will 
be remembered that for the most part it is a matter of convention 
as to which particle(s) go(es) with any given verbal stem; and there 
is good evidence to show that phonetic correspondents to the same 
instrumental particles occur in many other Central Algonquian lan- 
guages, and that in these other languages the correspondents are 
attached to the same verbal stems. So that this list should be of 
considerable use to the student of Algonquian languages in general 
