MICHELSON. ] LIST OF STEMS. 619 
and not only to those of Fox.? Similarly, it is highly desirable to 
know what postverbal extensions (see Bull. 72, B. A. E., p. 74) go 
with any given verb stem, even if the precise use and significance 
of them is not yet known. These extensions run in sets: -t-, -“tci-: 
-t-, -tei-; -n-, -ci-. Apparently these extensions are elided before 
secondary stems beginning with p or 's; in such cases p becomes ‘p. 
It may be noted that these extensions seem only to occur with stems 
which can occur in the initial position. Where I have been able, 
I have indicated what set goes with each verbal stem. In so far 
as it appears that phonetic correspondents to these occur in several 
2 For convenience I give here the principal Fox instrumental particles; the meanings are indicated 
when the particles have not become conventional in use: 
With logical animate object. With logical inanimate object. 
- "to 
m with the mouth t 
m t 
Ww t 
a < 
‘pw with the teeth ‘pu 
n with the hand n 
n t 
n to 
‘ew with something sharp e 
‘sw by heat 's 
*ckaw with the foot ‘ck 
“ckaw Sek 
naw n 
taw t 
‘taw ‘t 
‘kaw ‘k 
gaw” ‘g 
‘s ‘t 
‘s | “to 
The inanimate instrumentals t6 and ‘to do not take the ordinary transitive construction but are com- 
bined with the simple intransitive pronouns. There is a clear parallelism between kepyiitawipwa you 
(pl.) bring to me, kepyaétonepena you (pl.) bring to us, nepyiitaégogi they bring it to me, on the one hand, 
and pyiitowA he, she brings it, pyitote if he, she brings it; etc. [Not to obscure the issue with complex 
symbols, the above words have all been given with full sounding terminal vowels: see p. 44.) _It may be 
suggested that taw ‘taw may be rather parallel to amaw (see Michelson, International Journal of American 
Linguistics, 1:301). Now this last is a clear compound of Am (which occurs so frequently as the inanimate 
objective pronoun) and aw; so taw and ‘taw are probably compounds of t and ‘t and aw. Yet there are 
some cases where 0 in t6 and ‘to is not strictly comparable in use to aw of Amaw, e. g., ne ‘towA uwiyawi 
he kills himself (literally, he kills his body). At thesame time this very example is additional proof of the 
compounded character of ‘to. For the stem ne- (kill) takes the instrumental ‘s with animate objects, e. g., 
ne‘siwa he, she kills, him, her. Now the instrumental ‘s (with animate objects) in the majority of cases is 
replaced by ‘t (with transitive construction) when the object(s) is (are) inanimate, thus, ku'stiwA he, she 
fears him, her, but ku'tamwa he, she fearsit. Similarly, the pair n t tends to show the td in the pair n to 
isa compound; but as a matter of convenience they are given as to and ‘to. 
It may be well to state that there is a correlation between the instrumentals t ‘t and the post verbal exten- 
sions t ‘t, respectively (on these latter, see p. 619). Soitcan be predicted with certainty that ifa given stem 
has a postverbal extension, if it has a t-like instrumental with inanimate object, it will be t, not ‘t, and 
vice versa, In alike manner there is a correlation between the instrumental gaw and the auxiliary gii. 
Whether the instrumental particles ‘ew, ‘sw, ‘pw should be given rather as ‘cu, ‘su, ‘pu, respectively, 
is a difficult question to answer with absolute certainty. 
