620 LIST OF STEMS [ETH. ANN. 40 
Algonquian languages, and that in these other languages they occur 
united with precisely the same corresponding stems and are used in 
an analogous manner, it is felt their citation will be of value not only 
to the Fox specialist but also to the general student of Algonquian 
languages. 
It has been a matter of difficulty to assign the meanings given the 
stems on account of their weak, almost colorless meanings by them- 
selves. 
It is only when stems are combined with each other or 
instrumental particles and according to the context of the sentence 
that very definite senses can be assigned to whole combinations. A 
few homonyms occur. 
A few stems given wrongly by me previously have been corrected. 
The following alphabet order has been adopted: a, a, A, 4, 4, e, 
a a silent tecleze 
1, 1, 0, oO, u, al, ) © ? ; ) 
“tin Gla Sh Wy 19} [Oy Loy ae A iy, 
ey a Ss, Ls ey Nm hy Cy Gh es WE, Sie, th 
For a tabular view of the phonetic 
elements of Fox as I conceive them, see page 44. 
-a‘0- drag (-n- -t6- instr.) ; ride (passive 
construction).! 398.19, 598.44. 
-a'd- (-n- instr.). Exact meaning ? 
Combined with mya-, make sorrow- 
ful; obtain mercy from. 510.37. 
-awa'l- year. 408.16, 410.37-38, 442.1. 
awa- carry, carry off, take (-n- -td- 
instr.). 48.14, 48.21, 78.1, 122.5, 
314.8, 314.15, 314.21, 318.9-10, 
382.34, 392.31, 394.44, 396.2 (twice), 
398.39, 416.44, 418.21 (twice), 418.26, 
418.38, 466.13, 508.26, 534.23, 534.41, 
584.16, 592.28, 600.26. 
awaA- hand (with postverbal -t-; -n- ‘‘by 
the hand” instr.); combined with 
-a'ku- dedicate, consecrate.2 390.11, 
400.24, 506.16, 510.12, 510.40, 524.41. 
awa- warm one’s self (middle voice 
[-‘so-]; initial or secondary stem ?). 
578.33. 
1 This list was revised in the field. 
their assistance. 
August, 1925. 
-awd- be related to (with -m- instr.). 
392.26. 
awi- be (not the copula); behave; with 
-"- instr. lend; combined with sagi- 
menstruate (idiomatically); com- 
bined with wi- ‘‘with,” dwell with, 
be married to (-w- instr. when tran- 
sitive, but absent in certain forms). 
54.17, 56.16, 64.38, 78.38, 96.8, 
98.32, 114.21, 114.22, 252.40, 302.16, 
302.17, 310.37, 310.37-38, 312.16, 
320.3, 388.12, 388.13, 388.30, 404.31, 
414.27, 422.10, 440.28, 454.22, 456.18, 
506.29, 508.3, 510.8, 518.238, 552.25, 
554.9, 554.25 (twice), 572.9, 572.20, 
574.35, 602.4. 
awo- curse, imprecate 
180.38. 
a- use (with -w--t-instr.). 90.15, 90.16, 
398.20. 
evil upon. 
I express my thanks to Harry Lincoln and George Young Bear for 
Where stems in this list differ from those in the texts the former are to be preferred. 
2 On page 619 I have explained that the postverbal extensions run in the three sets -t- -dtci-, -‘t- -‘tei-, 
-n- -'ci-, and that precise rules governing their usage are not known. 
n- do not occur before consonants save before such stems as reject a preceding i: see -wigi-, -wiw4- 
Before vowels both sets occur, but in such cases -4tci- -‘tci- -‘ci- lose their i exactly as the ter- 
-t 
-wiiwigi-. 
minal i of stems normallydisappears in composition before vowels. 
4i,e, 0; -dtei--'tei--‘ci- before a, i, u. This suggests that -4tci- -'tei- -‘ci- really stand 
-‘t--n- occur before a, A 
for earlier -t-+-i-, -'t--+--i-, -n--+-i- (which would be in conformity with phonetic law: see p. 616). 
However, it may be stated that -t- 
Such rules as can be given are: -t- 
See also 
under -wi- and -wiigi-. Note especially that where i phonetically shifts to e (or 0) t ‘t n occur; in short, 
we start with -t--+--i- -'t--+--i- -n-+--i-, and these combinations alter subsequently. 
-‘kaw- -'k- i appears as I exactly as in the case of final i of verbal stems. 
Before the instrumentals 
It may be added that the above 
line ofreasoning applies to the postverbal extensions in several other Algonquian languages. Allied to this 
is the problem as to whether the final i ofso many stems may not be really a morphological element: sce p. 
764 of Bulletin 40 ofthe Bureau, Part 1. If we assume it is, it would nicely account for such doublets as 
ne's- ne'ci-; we should then start out with such forms as ne's-+--i- which would then subsequently alter in 
conformity to phonetic law. Unfortunately a residuum exists which can not be accounted for in the 
manner suggested. 
