ADMINISTKATIVE REPORT 25 



debris and earth accumulation. The walls of these ancient 

 habitations, like those previously examined near Beaver 

 City, had been constructed entirely of adobe mud; in their 

 present condition they exhibited no evidence of the use of 

 angular bricks or blocks similar to those employed in Pueblo 

 structures subsequent to the Spanish conquest. On the 

 contrary, close examination showed that the walls were 

 invariably formed by the union of innumerable masses of 

 plastic clay, forced together by the hands of the builders 

 and surfaced inside and out during the process of construc- 

 tion. Careful inspection of the ruins showed that the dwell- 

 ings were originally roofed in the manner typical of cliff 

 houses and of modern Pueblo structures throughout the 

 Southwest. No certain evidence could be found that doors 

 or other wall openings were utilized by the primitive arti- 

 sans — each house invaiiably consisted of a single room that 

 apparently had been entered from the roof. One of the most 

 important discoveries made during the course of the Para- 

 gonah excavations was that of a circular, semisubterranean 

 room which, with similar wall fragments previously discov- 

 ered in the Beaver City mounds, tends to establish the use 

 of the kiva, or ceremonial chamber, by the ancient house- 

 building peoples of western Utah. 



On the conclusion of his studies at Paragonah Mr. Judd 

 proceeded to Fillmore, Willard County, for the purpose of 

 investigating certain mounds reported in that neighborhood. 

 These and similar elevations near the villages of Meadow, 

 Deseret, and Hinckley, were all superficially identified as of 

 the same type and representing the same degree of culture 

 as those above described. In all a collection of more than 

 500 objects was gathered during the course of the season's 

 work. 



A pleasing coincidence resulting from Mr. Judd's Fillmore 

 investigation was the fact that the guide he engaged had 

 been employed in the same capacity by Dr. Edward Palmer, 

 one of the National IMuseum's most indefatigable collectors, 

 during the latter's expedition of 1872. 



186823°— 22 3 



