100 THE WINXEBAGO TRIBE [eth. ann. 37 



Waubesa and the upper Madison lakes: the I^tix type, at Lake 

 Waubesa, as far east as Lake Koshkonong, and as far west as Devils 

 Lake in Sauk County. 



Description of Lake Koshkonong Mounds 



In order to give an idea of what a carefully planned survey of a 

 particular region has yielded we will quote Mr. A. B. Stout's summary 

 of his work at Lake Koshkonong (figs. 19, 20) : " 



A total of 481 mounds are here noted. This does not include the mounds entirely 

 destroyed at Thiebeau Point, the Koshkonong Groups, and the Kumlien Group. 

 There are 157 mounds on the east side and 324 on the west side of the lake. There 

 are still well preserved 394 mounds. There is a total of 309 conical mounds of which 

 233 are on the west side, but of the 42 effigies 24 are on the east side of the lake. 



In most cases the grouping as given is in no wise arbitrary. All the large and 

 important groups are composed of mounds rather compactly arranged. Groups 3, 

 4, 6, 11, and 17 are more or less scattered and are considered as groups chiefly for 

 convenience in description. 



The largest group is the Koshkonong Group of 78 mounds. Next in rank are the 

 General Atkinson Group of 73, the Noe Springs Group of 64. the Hoard Group of 36, 

 the Le Sellier Group of 29, the Kumlien Group of 28, the Altpeter Group of 28, and 

 the Rufus Bingham Group of 21. In these 8 well-defined groups are found 357 of 

 the total of 481 mounds. 



All of these mounds are found in an area of 42 square miles, of which 13 are covered 

 with water and at least 5 more occupied by swamp and marsh lands. 



THE CONICAL MOUNDS 



As previously stated, this type is the most abundant. Most are low, many are no 

 more than 2 feet in height. In fact, there are but 23 that are 4 or more feet in height. 

 The largest of the conical mounds are as follows: ... 60 by 12 feet in diameter; 

 ... 75 by 10; .. . 45 by 8; . . . .54 by 7; . . . 63 by 6. 



. . . Some conical mounds are built with edges overlapping, forming a sort of 

 chain of mounds. There is some evidence of superimposed mounds. . . . 



Nearly all the conical mounds ha^e been opened in a more or less desultory manner. 

 The few clues at hand as to the results of such digging confirm the opinion that this 

 type of mound was built for burial purposes. 



It will be noted . . . that several mounds are oval in outline. Two others are 

 pear-shaped . . . %\'ith the larger end built considerably higher. The oval type 

 appears to grade into the short linear. Tliis may be noted in the General Atkinson 

 and Altpeter groups. 



COMBINATIONS OF CONICAL AND LINEAR FORMS 



The dumb-bell form . — Two mounds of the Altpeter Group are of this form ... In 

 theee the ends are decidedly conical and may possibly be superimposed upon the 

 ends of short linear mounds. 



The tadpole type — This type of mound consists of a more or less pronounced conical 

 mound from which extends a straight pointed linear portion that varies in length . . . 

 In No. 4 of the Koshkonong Group tl]3 conical part is 40 by 6 with the linear part 

 comparatively low and short. In other cases . . . the conical part is wide and 

 flattened. In still other cases the linear part is quite long . . . 



Irregular forms. — \os. 5 and 6 of the Noe Springs Group are unusual combinations 

 of conical and linear mounds. The conical mounds are in some cases several feet 



17 "The Archseology of the Lake Kcshkonong Region,"' by A. B. Stout and H. L. Skavlem, Wisconsin 

 Archeologist, vol. 7, no. 'J, 1908. 



