lUDiN] SOCIAL ORGANIZATION GENEEAL DISCUSSION" 183 



has gone so far that a large number of individuals would probably 

 deny to-day that the Hawk and the Warrior clan are one and the 

 same. Again, among the Osage, Kansa, and Quapaw we find Sun 

 and Star clans, and, if we were to imagine that for some reason or 

 another the latter typo of name became popular, it might here become 

 dominant within a comparatively short time. 



Like a twofold division, the clan may connote a number of different 

 things to the minds of the Indians. The Omaha apparently used 

 the term tonwoqgfho^, which means literally "place-of-habitation- 

 of-those-related," gtho" being the possessive-reflexive pronoun. It 

 would thus seem to coincide with a geographical unit. The Quapaw 

 use the term eniJcaciga, evidently meaning "people"; the Kansa, 

 the term wayumida, " those-who-sing-together " ; the Osage, the term 

 peda, "fireplace"; and the Winnebago, the term TiokUc'a'radjcra, 

 ■' those-related-to-one-another." The remarks made about the spe- 

 cific names of the twofold divisions apply here. There is no reason 

 for assuming that these are historically primary. A possible histori- 

 cal hint that they are not will be mentioned later. 



The twofold division apparently regulates nothing but marriage. 

 It has at the present time no other function, per se. Nevertheless, 

 a number of ethnologists, and for that matter Indians themselves, 

 speak of the functions of the two sides. If we consider the Omaha 

 "circle," we notice that practically all the ceremonial functions 

 are on one side; that among the Osage "war" and " peace" functions 

 are found on both sides; and that, as a matter of fact, the functions 

 of war and peace apparently relate to a certain reciprocal relation 

 existing between the two divisions. Indeed, there is no reason to 

 justify the use of these terms. Among the Iowa, J. O. Dorsey quotes 

 Hamilton to the effect that the regulation of the hunt and other tribal 

 affairs was in the hands of one "phratry" during the autumn and 

 winter, and in that of the other in spring and summer. It is, how- 

 ever, doubtful whether this was the case. Among the Winnebago, 

 as we shall see, the functions of war and peace were grouped together 

 on one side, the functions of the other side being confined to those 

 relating to the policing and regulation of the hunt. But the only 

 fact of importance to us here is not whether there appears a balancing 

 of functions connected with the social organization, but whether the 

 Indian thinks there is; and here the consensus of opinion favors the 

 view that no Omaha would, for example, suppose that the Han- 

 gacenu division, as such, was the custodian of the real pipes of 

 peace. This belonged to the Inkesabe gens, and there is not a 

 shred of evidence to support the view that it was delegated to that 

 clan by the larger unit. The same reasoning applies to the Hanga 

 clan. That the importance of the possessions of the latter clan played 

 an important part in the associations of the Omaha, even to the extent 



o 



