RADiN] SOCIAL ORGANIZATION GENERAL DISCUSSION 185 



ing has elicited from various individuals the information, also corrobo- 

 rated by liistorical records, that the villages were generally known 

 according to geographical location or according to names descriptive 

 of the haunts of certain animals. Even to-day the group scattered 

 over the Nebraska Winnebago reservation are commonly known by 

 similar designations. There we find, for instance, the following 

 names: Icozo-atcira, "those living on the peninsula"; or lc'vha'"tcira, 

 "those living below", i. e., in the timber; niwa'hatcira , "those living 

 near the dirty water"; ]iy,tc x^dgominangera, "where big bear set- 

 tles," etc. If we may then suppose this to have been a customary 

 association, we may quite properly ask whether the name of the 

 village had any influence on the social organization; whether there is 

 even a hint at a genetic relation between these two types of group 

 names. All that can be said is the fact that formerly honi, "band," 

 seems to have been used instead of JiokiV aradjera for clan; that an 

 archaic name of the Wolf clan, regoni or degoni, may mean Lake band; 

 and that the villages all had geographical names. All of which, how- 

 ever, is, I realize, hardly sufficient evidence. 



No satisfactory demonstration has as yet been made indicating that 

 the clan organization was ever associated with an historically simple 

 social structure, whereas quite a number of reasons lead us to suspect 

 that it was in all cases preceded by other types of organization. In 

 North America there is quite considerable evidence tending to show 

 that the village group organization often preceded in many places 

 the clan, and for that reason the facts brought out above may be of 

 more than casual significance. That a system of clan names diff'erent 

 from that now in use existed is borne out by the archaic names for 

 the Bear and Wolf clans. That another system was making headway 

 against the animal-name type of change, namely, the substitution for 

 animal designation, with correlated associations of descent or con- 

 nection with an animal ancestor, of designations indicative of the 

 functions of the clan. If the association of the social imit with a com- 

 mon animal ancestor was preceded by an association of a social unit 

 with geographical location, we would then be able to demonstrate 

 what is so rare in ethnology — the historical succession of types of 

 naming. 



The Twofold Grouping 



The Winnebago are divided into divisions, one known as the 

 warjgeregi herera, "those who are above," the other as the manegi 

 Tierera, "those who are on earth." Descent was reckoned in the 

 paternal line. But these appellations refer to the animals after 

 whom the clans are named, the term warjgeregi covering the birds, 

 the term manegi, land and water animals. So firmly has the idea of 

 division of animal forms become associated with the two divisions 

 186823—22 13 



