440 THE WINNEBAGO TRIBE [bth. ann. 37 



reputed to have first received the war bundle of the Thunderbird 

 clan, as we shall subsequently see. 



Night Spirits. — They are knowTi under two names, one used gen- 

 erally signif,^ang literally "night" (hqJi^) and the other used only in rit- 

 uals signifying "Those-who-walk-in-darkness" (Hok'a'was mani'na). 

 They are in control of war powers specifically and appear to men in 

 the form of human beings. They are supposed to cause the darkness 

 of night. 



Bisease-givcr (Ho'cere^y'wahi). — This is a spirit whose counter- 

 part does not seem to exist in any other tribe. He, like the Thunder- 

 bird and Night Spirits, is a great war deity, but as his name implies, 

 he also presides over life and death by being the som-ce of disease. 

 His twofold nature has been touched on before. When prayers are 

 offered to him he is besought to turn away his "death" side and 

 present only his "life" side. 



Great Black Hawk. — ^Always known as K'eredjij'sep xe'tera. A 

 powerful war deity. 



The Sun. — The Sun is known generally as vn'ra, and in rituals as 

 Hfibani'ndjera, Light-wanderer; or as Habanihu'ra, He-who-brings- 

 the-light-of-day. There seems little doubt but that in the earlier 

 history of Winnebago culture he played a far greater r61e than he 

 does to-day or did when the culture of the tribe was still intact. 

 According to one informant he and Fire were dispatched as Trans- 

 formers to rid the world of the bad spirits. As in the older concep- 

 tion of Eartlmiaker, his former role comes out most prommently in 

 the nonritualistic myths, especially in the Twin cycle. In none of the 

 many rituals of the tribe was his cult developed. He was regarded 

 as one of the greatest war deities. 



The Morning Star. — He is always known as Wirago'cge xetera, 

 the great star. He, like the Sxm, seems to have enjoyed a gi'eater 

 popularity before the rise of the complex rituals. He is purely and 

 simply a war deity. 



The Moon. — Generally known as Hj^h^'wira, night-sun, but in 

 rituals as Hi\he'regi hura'djone, You-who-come-at-night. The Moon 

 is a female deity in control of many powers, but apparently of no very 

 specific ones. She is not supposed to be one of the preeminent vtar 

 deities but to be more closely associated with blessings referring to 

 long life. 



The South Wiml. — Known as Rek'u'huhi, Wind-going-with-the- 

 stream. He is a war deity, but not on a par with the others. 



The Earth. — Generally known either as ma"na, earth, or simply as 

 k'u'nik'a, grandmother, a female deity connected almost exclu- 

 sively with peace. She played a far greater role in the earlier phases 

 of Winnebago religious development than she did in the later and is 

 found as an important figure in all the nonritualistic Transformer 

 cycles, especially in that of the Hare. Her role in the ritualistic 



