RADiN] THE CLAN WAR-BUNDLE FEASTS 443 



The buckskin to be offered to Earthmaker is marked with a cross 

 iQ green. It is cjuite possible that the association of the cross with 

 Earthmaker is due to Christian influence. But if this actually has 

 been the case it is far more likely that the Christian influence led not 

 to the actual borrowing of the Christian cross, but rather to the 

 identification of an old Winnebago ceremonial symbol, namely, the 

 crossed lines representing the cardinal points, with the cross, and its 

 association with Earthmaker (pi. 48). 



The buckskin to be offered to the Thunderbirds is marked with 

 three semicircular lines, the first red, the second white, and the third 

 blue, to represent a rainbow (pi. 48). 



The buckskin to be offered to the Night Spirits is marked with four 

 parallel lines in charcoal (pi. 48). 



The buckskin to be offered to Disease-giver is marked by dipping 

 the three middle fingers in red paint and impressing them 12 times 

 upon the buckskin in three vertical columns, with four impressions 

 in each column. In addition to tliis an eagle feather is tied to each 

 corner of the buckskin (pi. 48). 



The buckskin to be offered to the Sim is marked with an image of 

 the sun in red (pi. 47). 



The buckskin to be offered to the Moon is marked with an image of 

 the moon in any of its phases in green, (pi. 47). 



The buckskin to be offered to South Wind is marked in the same 

 way as that to Disease-giver, except that green paint is used. A red 

 eagle feather is attached to each end of the buckskin (pi. 47). 



The buckskin to be offered to the Morning Star is marked with an 

 image of a star in black outline (pi. 47). 



These are the spirits to whom buckskins are offered in the cere- 

 mony about to be described, but the other clans seem to show 

 variations in some offerings. Thus, for example, the spirit called 

 "Without-horns" (He'rok'a) receives the offering of a buckskin in 

 some cases. The marking for him is always a bow and arrow in 

 charcoal. In another case Fire and Turtle receive buckskin offerings. 

 Their markings are pictures of fire and turtle. 



While the host is busy thus marking the buckskins the attendants 

 put the meat in the kettles and place the same on the various fire- 

 places. There are always one or two extra kettles prepared for the 

 women and cliildren. 



The lodge extends from east to west and has only one entrance, 

 on the east end. The host sits to the left as you enter and opposite 

 him sits the guest of honor, who is, of course, different in each clan, 

 but in the ceremony to be described he belongs to the Bear clan. 

 Then, in definite order, sit the other guests, each one opposite a fire- 

 place. The women and children sit separated from the others at the 

 extreme western end of the lodge (see fig. 38). 



