214 TRIBES AND DIALECTS OF CONNECTICUT [eth. ann. 43 



division. On the west, across the Connecticut River, were located,* 

 the so-called Quiripi or r dialects, embracing the Mattabesec or 

 Wappinger confederates, and these extended across Long Island 

 Sound over the eastern portion of Long Island; on the north Nipmuck, 

 supposed to have been an I dialect,'- and a branch of the Pennacook, 

 on the northeast Massachusetts, and farther to the east Wampanoag 

 and Narragansett, the last three of the n type. This gives us five of 

 the noteworthy variant divisions of the southern New England group, 

 the dialects fairly uniform in lexicon, but varying phonetically 

 through /', II, I J and n forms as just indicated. 



The affiliations of the larger southern New England group may 

 now be considered. In spite of the meagerness of detailed and 

 accurate information, we have some general matter offering points of 

 contrast with neighboring types, northward in the better-known 

 Wabanaki and westward in the slightly known Delaware and 

 Mahican area. These permit us at least to draw out a certain 

 sense of directional relationships. Upon a second glance the rela- 

 tionship of the whole southern New England group falls more closely 



1 The dialects of Shinnecock and Poosepatuck, or Uncachogue, were mutually intelligible and belonged 

 also to the r type, as is shown by a vocabulary taken by Thomas Jefferson in 1794 at the Poosepatuck reser- 

 vation near Mastic. At that time three old women and one girl spoke the language. The original manu- 

 script in the archives of the American Philosophical Society was examined. It shows a close lexical resem- 

 blance to Mohegan-Pequot. From the terms given, which unfortunately do not include many verbal 

 forms, we may show the variation to be only a phonetic one, as follows: Mohegan-Pequot y (Mass.-Narr. 

 n) (iy = r) = Long Island r, between vowels. Examples: 



English Uncachogue 



star arraqusac anofis(Natick) 



dog arrum anura (Natick) . 



he is handsome woreeco wi"'go (Moh.-Peq.) 



good woreecan wi''gan (Moh.-Peq.) 



wuneegan (Natick-Narr.) 

 fish operamac pi'yamag (Moh.-Peq.) 



fire ruht, yuht wiyut, yut (Moh.-Peq.) 



Other points in Long Island Uncachogue, though based on only a few examples, are: Animate plural 

 ending, -ank, corresponding to Moh.-Peq. ag; inanimate plural ending, -nus, Moh.-Peq. -unc {-unsh). 

 M. R. narrington (Journal of American Folk-Lore. Vol. XVI, p. 39) in 1903 gives a Shinnecock vocabulary, 

 but it does not afford a key to grammatical features. 



On the mainland in western Connecticut we have the r forms identical with those of eastern Long Island, 

 as follows, in the Naugatuck vocabulary given by De Forest (History of the Indians of Connecticut, p. 491) 

 and Scatticook (Prince and Speck (1903), ref. rf). 



parched com ratig (Scatticook) yokeg (Moh.-Peq.) 



nuhkik (Mass.-Narr.) 

 snake (diminutive) skukaris (Scatticook) skuksis (Moh.-Peq.) 



man rinh (Naugatuck) i'n (Moh.-Peq.) 



nnin (Mass.-Narr.) 

 fire ru-u-tah (Naugatuck) (see above) 



rut (Scatticook) 



On the basis of the above tables, and the statement of Roger Williams that the northern Indians used r, it 

 appears that the Wappinger-Mattabesec dialects, all having r forms (see below, footnote 2 of this page) 

 extended from the Connecticut River Valley in Massachusetts southward through western Connecticut 

 and across to Long Island, covering the central and eastern portion of the island. Hence, the southern 

 New England dialectic group extended from the western boundary of Connecticut, including Long Island, 

 and east to Massachusetts Bay. 



2 The Indian Grammar Begun. John Eliot (1666), Old South Leaflets no. 52, p. 4. "We Massachusetts 

 pronounce the n. The Nipmuck Indians pronounce /, and the Northern Indians pronounce the r. As 

 instance: we say anum, Nipmuck alum, northern aTum, a dog. So in most words." 



