RorH] GUMS, WAX, OILS, PIGMENTS 89 
leaves from another tree are added to the mixture. The whole is 
next boiled for about 20 minutes, care being taken to keep the bark 
and leaves under water. The pot is now taken from the fire and 
the contents are poured into bowls and allowed to subside. The 
clear water left at the top is poured off and the sediment, of a beau- 
tiful purple color, is put on a cloth, where it is allowed to dry; after 
this it is scraped off and packed in tiny baskets woven of the leaves 
of the kokerit palm (IT, 316-317). The little packing boxes (sec. 
387) may be made from the young leaves of the curua palm, Attalea 
speciosa Mart. (BB, 162) or the kokerit. On the Rio Tiquie the 
pigment is kept in a carved tube made from a species of palm fruit 
(KG, 1, 249). The Akawai on the Barima obtain their supplies 
of the paint in barter from inland tribes (SR, 1, 202). It dyes a 
bright orange (ScD, 99). It is used as a body or face paint by the 
Dauri (ScE, 167), Arekuna (SR, 1, 209), Uaupes River Indians 
(KG, 1, 174-176), and others. 
Biza orellana Linn.—Its derived red pigment is spoken of as 
faroah, arnotta or arnatto, roku, uruku, or ruku, and in Surinam as 
orlean (AK, 175-176) by the Dutch, and cosowee by the Indians 
(St, 1, 384), a name still retained in our colony by the Barama River 
Carib as kuseve; it was known as bichet to the Carib (AVH, 1, 74), 
anoto to the Tamanac, majepa to the Maypure, and achote to the 
Spaniard (AVH, 1, 203); the Moruca River Arawak call it shiraballi, 
and the Warrau mubosimo. Roku, ruku, uruku is said to be the 
African name (WJ, 80), or a Brazilian word, while its botanical term 
Bixa is derived from the ancient language of Haiti, the island of 
Santo Domingo (AVH, 1, 203). After being well washed and 
scoured with the hands, large quantities of the seeds are made into 
an infusion, the water remains colored, and next day the pigment is 
found at the bottom, and the water as clear as ever. After carefully 
pouring off the water the achote or coloring matter is exposed to the 
sun, and when half dry it is made up into balls, which the Indians 
keep for pounding up with oil, and for anointing themselves with 
daily (G, m1, 250). 
Crévaux gives a somewhat more detailed description of its prepa- 
ration by the Carijona of the upper Yapura (Cr, 366). Instead of 
being kept in lumps or cakes, etc., it may be stored in a liquid con- 
dition in tubes made of hollow bamboo stems (IT, 316-317). On the 
Orinoco it was kneaded with turtle-egg oil into round cakes, etc., 
and when turtle oil was wanting, some tribes mixed crocodile fat 
with it (AVH, m1, 203). Bancroft says that the ruku is mostly 
cultivated by the Indians and its seeds macerated in the juice of 
lemons in which the “gum”’ of the mauna tree (Copaifera) has been 
dissolved (BA, 45). In addition to its employment as a face and 
body paint, Carib of both sexes would seem to have an especial 
60160°—24—_7 
