246 ARTS AND CRAFTS OF GUIANA INDIANS [BTH, ANN, 38 
to the nostrils they employ a blower composed of two hollow 
bird bones fixed with balata. One branch being introduced into 
the mouth and the other into the nostril, a puff of breath is sufli- 
cient to send the powder into the more remote portions of the 
mucous membrane. This is the method employed by the egoist. 
Sociable people have another device—two bones arranged like an X. 
Friends draw near (pl. 52 B), blow together, and mutually give one 
another a pinch of snuff” (Cr, 371). And, subsequently to Crévaux, 
E. A. Wallace obtained from the Guahibo a curious powder, which is 
taken like snuff and has the effect of making them drunk. ... They 
were evidently in a happy state while under its influence. He says: 
“This yopa (in Spanish spelled llopa) is probably known in other 
parts, as I have heard the word enllopado used by the New Grena- 
dians as signifying drunk” (Ti, Dec. 87, p. 317). In the present 
century mention has been made of the preparation and use of the 
drug on the Tiquié, a branch of the Rio Negro (KG, 1, 323), where 
it is kept either in a snail shell or in a small spherical calabash. Its 
use is also recorded on the Apaporis (KG, nm, 290). 
287. Erythroxylon coca Lam., ypadt, ipaduu—* On the upper Ama- 
zon the half-caste and Indian women, after middle age, are nearly all 
addicted to the use of ypadu, the powdered leaves of erythroxylon 
coca... . Persons who indulge in ypadu at Ega are held in such 
abhorrence that they keep the matter as secret as possible... . 
They plant their little plots of the tree in retired nooks in the forest 
and keep their stores of the powder in hiding places. ... I once 
[says Bates] had an opportunity of seeing it made at the house of a 
Maraua Indian on the banks of the Jutahi. The leaves were dried on 
a mandioca oven and afterward pounded in a very long and narrow 
wooden mortar. When about half pulverized a number of the large 
leaves of the Cecropia palmata (candelabrum tree) were burned on the 
floor and the ashes dirtily gathered up and mixed with the powder ” 
(HWB, 283). The drug is also referred to on the Tiquié (KG, 1, 
266-267) and on the Apaporis (KG, 1,290). (See pl. 53 C.) 
288. Banisteria caapi Griseb., caapi.cAmong the Guahibo (Ori- 
noco River) the piai warms over the fire a little yellow root known by 
this name and chews it when he has to make a cure. It has intoxicat- 
ing properties (Cr, 536). Compare this with what is said by E. A. 
Wallace of the same tribe: “ They chew the wood of a curious liana, 
which has the same effect as the leaves of the erythroxylon coca. They 
can travel great distances existing only on the wood of this plant 
and do not feel the want of any other sustenance ” (Ti, Dec., 1887, p. 
317). The first mention of this drug, however, on the Rio Negro 
among the Uaupes River Indians, who drink the infusion, appears to 
have been made by A. R. Wallace: “ Presently (after the caxiri) the 
