386 ARTS AND CRAFTS OF GUIANA INDIANS [ETH, ANN. 38 
the hammock, the other being rendered smooth and comfortable to lie 
on. Occasionally two or four single additional weft strands may be 
interpolated in similar fashion (alternate) between every two bars. 
465. In the following series of hammocks made on a square mov- 
able frame (fig. 199), the cotton warp is run vertically and the bars 
(weft) horizontally. The Makusi distinguish them from the pre- 
vious ones by calling the latter nonga-kang (earth, ground) and the 
former yeya-kang (beam). The frame, resting on the slope slightly 
backward, is made of two uprights 
@ joined by crossbeams above and be- 
low (the latter about a foot from the 
ground), the fixture of the lower 
beam being usually a permanency 
(peg, rope, or mortise), that of the 
upper being a mortise with removable 
wedge, the object of which will be 
appreciated later. The whole frame, 
or -vertical pieces only, is known as 
kaulu-ngai (Wapishana), the hori- 
zontal pieces as taramiruna (Wapi- 
shana). Another peculiarity com- 
mon to the series is that the warp is 
run in close contiguity from cross- 
beam to crossbeam, not direct, but 
over a “head” stick, pupai-yapong 
(Makusi) or yuru (Patamona) after 
the name of the palm whence it is cut, 
which, when finally pulled out on 
completion of the weaving, allows the 
article to be removed whole. The dia- 
Fic. 199.—Manufacture of a cotton gram (fig. 199) will serve to explain 
hammock. Diagram to show how this arrangement, where @ will repre- 
vertical warp is run _ indirectly 
over a head stick () which, when Sent the loops at one end and 6 those 
cried oes tpn atom the at the other end of the finished ham- 
4 mock. The head stick (A), it may be 
noted, can be arranged either on the front or back set of warps. In 
the present case it is depicted on the back set. 
466. The varieties met with in this series of hammock will now 
depend upon whether the front set of warps is woven upon just in 
the same condition as it stands or only subsequently to being di- 
vided or split into an anterior and posterior layer of strands. In 
the former case the procedure is thus continued: Having rolled some 
cotton on four knobbed spools (fig. 200), known as kane-yapong 
(Makusi), tinuiki (Patamona), etc., and looped it on each so as to 
C= 
