roTH] HAMMOCKS 389 
back set of warps must again be temporarily discarded, and is no 
longer represented in the illustrations, except in cross section. 
468. The division or splitting of the front set into an anterior and 
posterior layer is effected by counting the strings from left to right 
at the level of the upper beam (fig. 201), separating the odd from 
the even, and keeping them apart by a lath or rod (ps) which, for 
the reason that it has to be retained in the same relative position 
permanently throughout the process of manufacture, can be described 
as the permanent separator (sko- 
telibi, Wapishana). In the case 
illustrated the odd numbers make 
up the posterior layer and the even 
ones the anterior. 
469. Once the division is effected 
and maintained (fig. 202) an ap- 
paratus is devised for bringing for- 
ward, for raising, any or all of the 
posterior layer strands, as the op- 
erator may require, so as to admit 
of the passage of the weft behind 
them. This apparatus, or raiser 
(yunando, Makusi, to pick up, to 
raise; iséranna, Wapishana), is 
made of cotton, and consists (7) of 
a number of loops (each one inclos- 
ing one posterior-layer thread) at- 
tached to a basal chain, which, 
when dragged upon, pulls on the 
loops and so raises their inclosed 
posterior-layer strands (fig. 203). 
It takes the place of a heddle : 
Fic. 202.—Hammock making. Frame of 
rod. two horizontal timbers. The separator 
470. But to get each loop of this is inserted below the permanent one, 
z a 5 in order to bring forward the posterior 
raiser, 1 the course of its manu- layer (of the front set) of warps, so as 
facture, into its required position 1° get plenty of space to make the 
around its respective string, the 
posterior layer has to be brought forward to permit of its freer 
manipulation. This is effected by placing from left to right below 
the permanent separator a temporary one—a sharp-edged, long, thin, 
flat lath—under the odds and over the evens, and then turning it 
on its broader axis (fig. 202 ts). From the work which it is subse- 
quently called upon to do, this temporary separator can also be called 
the presser or beater. The Wapishana call it the taiyarribi. The 
free end of a cotton yarn unwound from but still attached to its 
ball can now be conveniently inserted from right to left behind all 
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