roTH] DEFORMATION, DECORATION, ORNAMENTS, CLOTHES 415 
of the wild hog in these holes whenever they went out to encounter 
strangers or their enemies in war (H WB, 167).] 
504. In Cayenne the Akoquoua had their cheeks pierced as soon 
as they were born. In these openings they kept parrot or other birds’ 
feathers (pl. 135 C), which served as ornament (PBA, 15). So in 
Surinam, some of the Indians wore feathers through their cheeks 
. . . but this was but seldom (St, 1, 387). In our own colony, 
Schomburgk mentions the Taruma as having little sticks, with 
feathers, pierced through the cheeks, behind the corners of the mouth 
(SR, , 470). 
505. Speaking of the Orinoco generally, Gumilla writes how the 
men also adorn their nostrils and ears with various odd ornaments, 
and those who can afford it with little thin plates of silver or gold, 
which they themselves fashion after their style (G, 1, 124). The Ber- 
bice Arawak had perforated nasal septa with little silver plates 
(BER, 19). Brett speaks of seeing the very good features of 
certain Warrau women disfigured by a thin piece of silver, suspended 
from the cartilage of the nostril and covering the upper lip (Br, 
165). Warrau, evidently of both sexes, were often to be seen with 
these oval plates of silver hanging from their noses (BA, 285; Bol, 
151). With these people, the nose boring, like that of the ears, was 
done soon after birth, and the holes kept open with little bits of 
wood (SR, 1, 167). Among other non-Carib Indians are the Wapi- 
shana, who, by means of a pin, hang therefrom a piece of metal, 
silver or copper (SR, u, 42), of a round shape (IT, 198), which 
Coudreau would regard as the ancient distinctive mark of the tribe 
(Cou, 1, 313). As a matter of fact the Wapishana wear crescent, 
double crescent, circular, triangular, and half-moon shaped silver 
nosepieces (JO), but whether all or any of these are of indigenous 
manufacture (pl. 185 EK, F) I am not prepared to say. Stedman says 
that the chiefs of families among the Surinam Indians (?Carib or 
Arawak) also frequently have small oval bits of silver in the car- 
tilaginous separations of their noses, and sometimes a green or yellow 
colored stone (St, 1, 388). Arekuna wore nose sticks of bamboo 
(SR, 1, 208 ; ScF, 204) ; the Akawai, a piece of wood (Br, 140), which 
was often the size of a finger (BE, 32), or a quill (Br, 140). The 
Trio on festive occasions had feathers stuck in on either side (GO, 2). 
I have seen male Makusi with perforated nasal septa. 
506. Deformation and decoration of the ears was practiced in a 
varying degree, but the literature on the subject is very scanty. 
Commencing with the Carib stock of nations, the Akawai wore a 
piece of wood or quill stuck through the lobe of the ear (Br, 140) ; 
the Woyawai (Waiwai) had ear pendants made of forest seeds 
artistically worked (Cou, u, 379) ; the Arekuna used long ear sticks, 
