454 ARTS AND CRAFTS OF GUIANA INDIANS [ETH, ANN, 38 
dings among the Guayquire and Mapoye. These were more than 2 
yards (varas) long, made of a certain black bamboo (caia), which 
they called cubarro. In truth these “ flutes” were in pitch and had 
a sweet consonance when played in pairs, not less than when two 
violins, one for tenor and one for contra-alto, are played (G, 1, 161). 
In the upper Rio Negro area the wooden tubes are from 1 to 14 meters 
long, made of the /7iartea exorrhiza and manufactured in pairs, which 
are more or less attuned. They are known as yapurutu on the River 
Aiary (KG, 1, 85-89). The most important of these instruments, how- 
ever, are used at the Jurupari ceremonies, as mentioned by Wallace 
and Koch-Griinberg, the latter of whom supplies an illustration (pl. 
161 B). The former describes how they are madeof bamboos or pipe- 
stems hollowed out, some with trumpet-shaped mouths of bark and 
with mouth holes of clay and leaf. Each pair of instruments gives a 
distinct note, and they produce a rather agreeable concert, something 
resembling clarionets and bassoons (ARW, 348). 
In the Wapishana, Makusi, and Patamona country I have seen 
long wooden tubes (pl. 162 A, B),-some of them painted with rings 
of red or black, inserted at their ends through holes cut in flat pieces 
of wood which were carved in various shapes to represent animals, 
birds, etc. (sec. 590). Used at the Parishara and other dances, they 
are waved from side to side, and front to back, simultaneously as 
they are blown, and the resulting sound is very characteristic. 
The Warrau and Carib of the Moruca and upper Pomeroon Rivers, 
respectively, may use a signal trumpet which is but the cut-off stump 
of a comparatively large bamboo, open at one extremity, the septum 
at the other being pierced for a mouthpiece. It is practically 
a wooden trumpet or tube cut very short. The Warrau call it 
horésemo-i, and the Carib mataibo. On the Aiary (KG., 1, 92) and 
Apaporis (KG., 1, 312) Rivers are to be found short decorated 
wooden trumpets tapering down toward the mouth end. On the 
Tiquie. a branch of the Rio Negro, there is a similar stumpy wooden 
implement but of a curious double-funnel shape with a flattened 
central portion carved to fit the hand (KG, 1, 261). 
An unusual form of instrument is the dance trumpet of the Icana 
and Aiary Rivers (pl. 163 A) with a neck made of iriartea palm, and 
the funnel of basketry covered with pitch (IXG, 1, 198). 
An interesting example of a natural form applied to trumpets and 
tubes is the hollow leafstalk of the papaw tree, which I have often 
seen Indian children blowing trumpetwise. 
560. Flutes are usually made from some form of bamboo. Those 
from the Coastal Akawai and Carib that I have had an opportunity 
of examining were from 60 to 70 cm. long. In the case of the bam- 
boo, the instrument comprises two complete segments of the palm, 
