354 COILED BASKETRY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA [ETH ANN. 41 
at hand. Many women declare that even in former times when the 
range of the tribe was much greater many Klickitat families did not 
make them, and some think their manufacture has been learned from 
tribes west of the Cascades. They were not produced by any of 
the Yakima or eastern tribes, but were woven by the Cowlitz and 
other western groups. These baskets are called warzo’mexom, and 
Plate 63, a@ and c, appear to be examples of them. 
A second kind of basket is called wa’ pas (J). It appears to be of 
exactly the same type as the flexible baskets of the Nez Percé de- 
scribed by Spinden ™ in his account of the Nez Percé. They were 
woven of Indian hemp twine, or of willow bark, both warp and woof, 
although occasionally the warp was of the one material and the woof 
of the other. The majority were of willow bark throughout. Orna- 
mentation in false embroidery was effected with willow bark dyed 
black (generally by burying in black earth or mud), and with tule in 
natural greenish and whitish colors, or with elk grass. The Klickitat 
made a great many of these and still make them, but the Yakima 
now have discontinued the art almost altogether. Large numbers 
were and are still made by the Wasco, Wishram, and Cowlitz. Speci- 
mens of these may be seen in Plate 66, except 1, 7, o-7. 
Woven bags.—These are called wawrxpa’(J) and are the same as 
the flat wallets made by the Nez Percé and some Salish tribes, which 
have been described by Spinden ® and others. They were woven of 
Indian hemp string, and ornamented with tule in its natural green, 
yellow, and white colors. Willow bark in brown and black was also 
sometimes resorted to long ago. In later days corn leaf and colored 
yarn were substituted for the tule and are now the only materials em- 
ployed for designs. The bags were all of the same shape but varied 
considerably in size. Very few were made by the Klickitat. It is 
said that the art of weaving them was probably learned from the 
Yakima, with whom, together with other eastern tribes, this work 
is supposed to have been indigenous. None were manufactured by 
tribes living west of the Cascades. Formerly the Yakima developed 
quite an industry, but it has now dwindled to practically nothing, 
while the Klickitat apparently have ceased making them (pls. 63, b, d-h; 
64, 65). 
Woven caps.—Kez-shaped caps of the Nez Percé type (such as de- 
scribed by Spinden) were made by the Klickitat and according to 
them were worn by the women of all the surrounding tribes, includ- 
ing the Cowlitz, Wishram, Wasco, Tenaino, Umatilla, Wallawalla, 
Nez Percé, Yakima, Wenatchi, and Spokane, and also the Klamath 
and several southern tribes. They were woven of Indian hemp 
twine, ornamented with elk grass, white or dyed yellow, or with 
62 Wea are obliged to Mr. Melville Jacobs for a revision of the Klickitat terms marked with a follow- 
ing (J). 
63 H. J. Spinden, The Nez Percé Indians, Mem. Amer. Anthr. Asso., voi. 2, pt. 3; pl. 4, a; figs. 4, a, 11. 
