596 PREHISTORIC VILLAGES IN TENNESSEE (ETH. ANN. 41 
OrHER Oxssects Founp 
Scattered through the black loam which filled the interior of house 
circle No. 6 were found a bear’s tooth, some fragments of charred 
cane stems, a very few broken animal bones, and a few fragments of 
hard-burned clay containing casts of cane stems and grasses. These 
latter were probably remains of the ancient plastered walls. The 
rim of this circle was not examined for traces of these walls. 
The two small stone disks (20, 21) shown in Plate 137, 6, were also 
found in the accumulated loam. They are, respectively, 13¢ inches 
and 11% inches in diameter. Both are of limestone which has weath- 
ered into what is known locally as phosphate rock. This rock is 
mined within sight of the Fewkes group. 
There was an upright cylindrical fragment of charcoal near the. 
northeast corner or altar, at the point marked “Charcoal” in Figure 
196. It was 5 inches in diameter and 4 inches in height. It did not 
enter the floor but rested upon it. 
Scattered through the soil in the interior of house circle No. 6 
were other objects shown in Plate 135, b. No. 1 is a fragment of a 
ground gray flint celt. No. 2 is a broken arrowhead of gray flint. 
There was also a flint flake found in this circle which showed along 
its edge slight traces of having been used asa saw. No. 3, the cup- 
shaped half of a natural concretion, probably was used as a paint 
cup. Still adhering to the interior of the cup is some of the yellow 
ochre which was used by these people as a paint. This cup was not 
a mortar in which to grind the paint but only a receptacle for it. 
These concretions are sometimes found on the surface of the soil 
around the Fewkes group. Many of them, when broken open, are 
found to contain a fine quality of yellow ochre. This ochre had 
good adhesive qualities, as is shown by that which still adheres to 
the interior of this cup after the lapse of untold centuries. This 
adhesive quality made it especially adapted to painting the body. 
The fact that it was found in the interior of the circle also points 
to its use for that purpose. No. 4 is a whetstone of fine-grained red 
sandstone from the Carboniferous rocks in the adjoining hills. This 
was a material largely used for such purposes by all the ancient 
Indian inhabitants whose successive migrations have drifted through 
the Cumberland Valley. 
Mr. James Mooney states that the Kiowas and other tribes still 
use yellow ochre as a paint for their bodies, and also for ornamenting 
objects made of buckskin and other materials. Yellow ochre was a 
favorite color with the Indians on the Fewkes site. This is shown 
by the fact that over one-fourth of the hundreds of fragments of 
domestic pottery on this site had a slip or coating of some of the 
various shades of yellow ochre, either on the exterior or interior. 
The modern Kiowas and some of the other tribes use the muci- 
laginous juice of the prickly pear as a mordant for yellow ochre when 
