EXPLANATION OF ALPHABET USED IN RENDERING 
INDIAN SOUNDS 
E 
Gen Mt es Gs 10. Orr 
we, 65a Gd, a Ow 
U 
BE aca fars:i obscure e, as in flower. 
UO eee ee are probably the same sound, intermediate between the continental values 
of 7 and e. 
OP Sees din hill. 
(Ae arom é in fell. 
ee ee has its continental value. 
Oe eae German 0 in voll. 
Or boroercias are probably the same sound, intermediate between the continental values 
of oand wu. 
(eee a somewhat doubtful sound, varying greatly in its pronunciation among 
different individuals between é and é7. 
Giga ators German d in Bir. 
US Sane aw in law. 
uw .....-indicates that the preceding consonant is pronounced with w position of the 
mouth. 
Sonant Surd Fortis | Spirant Nasal 
surd 
| i | < =. 
Melanie iss roeioceee Secee g q | q! | an 
(pall ata eres eee ce g(w) c(w) | kI(w) x(w) aon 
Anterior palatal. _.-........ | g ks el ae n 
PNIV COLA pseeen seem ae crete d t u s 
(dz) (ts) (ts!) 
Wha tall ees sess Soars sce ee b Pp p! | Siefees m 
saLeralemerm eee ase L L L! tig (toe 
Glottaliistopecs..2- snes é ee Sean 
| h, y, w. 
1 Sonant. 
Tn this whole series the sonant is harder than the corresponding English sound. The 
surd is pronounced with a full breath, while the fortis is a surd with increased air 
pressure in the oral cavity, produced by muscular pressure of tongue, palate, and 
cheeks, accompanied by glottal or lingual closure, which shuts the lungs off from 
the oral cavity. This produces great stress and suddenness of articulation. The 
sonant is so strong that it is easily mistaken for a surd. 
The velar series are k sounds pronounced with the soft palate. a corresponds to ch 
in German Bach. The palatal series corresponds to our g (hard) and k. xislike x, but 
pronounced farther forward. g* and k sound almost like gy and ky (with consonantic 
y); x is the German ch in ich. d, t, and s are almost dental. 1, 2, and L! are pro- 
nounced with tip of tongue touching the lower teeth, the back of the tongue extending 
transversely across the hard palate, so that the air escapes suddenly near the first 
molars. The sounds are affricative. In? the tip of the tongue isin the same posi- 
tion, but the back of the tongue is narrower, so that the air escapes near the canine 
teeth; the sound is purely spirant. J is the same as the English sound. § is a very 
faint glottal stop. The exclamation mark is used throughout to indicate increased 
stress of articulation and glottalization. 
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