SWANTON] DOCTORING AND MEDICINES 271 
in consequence shot by their father. The doctor is supposed to hold himself 
entirely apart from either conjurers or wizards. The wizards claimed that 
there were certain times in the year when they were obliged to practice. A 
lizard worked in the bodies of each, putting him into a state of intense misery 
until he killed some one. He might exercise his evil genius at other times by 
choice, but at these special seasons the deed was practically forced upon him. 
When it was learned that anyone was practicing witchcraft, people went to 
him and ordered him to desist, and if he refused to listen they killed him. 
That sort of wizard claimed he could turn himself into a dog, a bird, or any 
creature he chose when he went to carry out his evil intentions. Usually he 
chose the form of a night hawk, an owl, or some other creature that goes about 
after dark and to which not much attention is paid. It was said that, before 
making the transformation, he would go to some secluded spot, take out his 
stomach and other internal organs, and leave a knife, a pair of shoes, or some 
object to guard them. Usually the wizard left after all had gone to sleep, and 
he planned to get back before daylight. Sometimes while he was off exercising 
his arts, an animal would come along and eat his entrails, thus killing him. 
When a man heard that a wizard was operating against him, he would often 
go to him and pay him to stop. If this were the time of the year when the 
wizard was under compulsion, the reward might have no effect ; otherwise it was 
usually sufficient. 
There was another sort of wizard called Yucpakima or juggler, whose spe- 
cialty was sleight-of-hand performances. Jugglers and conjurers were alike 
afraid of the true wizards; doctors were the only persons who were not. 
Doctors claimed that they continually took some sort of medicine which pre- 
vented the devices of the wizards from having any effect upon them. 
At times a person who had a grudge against another would go to a wizard 
and pay him a good price to injure his enemy. Certain persons cluimed to be 
wizards, but were not. That caused much trouble among the Indians, for the 
object was usually to extort money, and if such an one were found out he was 
killed. Some claimed that they could do things in violation of the law and 
escape punishment by the use of medicines. My interpreter once met such a 
man, who gave him a little piece of the root which he chewed for this purpose. 
When chewed in a court room, for instance, the scent would penetrate all parts 
of it like a perfume and alter the mind of judge and jury toward the prisoners. 
These wizards, conjurers, doctors, etce., were watched closely all the time, 
and if they did not boast overmuch they were left alone; but if they became 
too boastful they were killed, but not until people felt sure that they were 
doing wrong. 
Wizards would not disclose the specific things they could do, for they claimed 
that this would cause them to lose their power. It was easier to bewitch 
human beings than cattle and easier to work upon the aged and children than 
upon others. 
It was claimed that wizards shot people with salt, sugar, or hair, and when 
a doctor was called in he professed to be afraid of the wizards and would not 
help unless he received a considerable rewird, fixed in accordance with the 
known resources of the patient. At that time the people were not civilized, 
and when they became civilized they did away with most of these practices, 
finding that they were all superstitions, yet many still believe in and practice 
them. 
In ancient times the Indians thought more of their children than of the 
adults, and when they fell ill would do almost anything to effect their cure. 
