DENSMORE] PLANTS USED IN ARTS 389 
and tied. This sort of makuk was used for storing fish, over which 
maple sugar was sprinkled. This preserved the dried berries or fish, 
and it was easier to get at the contents in this type of makuk than 
in the sort used for maple sugar. 
Funnels or cones.—These varied in size from the tiny cones filled 
with hard sugar and hung on a baby’s cradle board and the some- 
what larger cones similarly filled for the delectation of children to 
the large funnels made of heavy bark and sewed with split roots 
that were used chiefly for pouring hot fat into bladders for storage. 
Spoons made of bark were also used. (PI. 32, c.) 
Dishes and trays—¥or temporary and household use the birch-bark 
dishes were not always stiffened and bound at the top. The dishes 
for common use were made of birch bark folded and fastened with 
one or two stitches at each end. (Pl. 32, 6, at right-hand end.) 
These were tied in bunches of 10 for packing or storage. The com- 
mon size was about 10 inches long and 5 inches deep, though smaller 
and larger ones were frequently made. The shallow trays are more 
often seen with better finish, the superfluous bark being cut away 
at the ends, the overlapping edges sewed with split roots and the 
top finished with a stiff piece of bark, firmly sewed in place. Slip- 
pery elm bark was sometimes chewed and applied lke gum to the 
inside of the seams on birch-bark containers to make them water- 
tight. The largest trays were those used for winnowing wild rice. 
Somewhat smaller trays were used for various household purposes, 
including the carrying of coils of basswood fiber for making into 
twine. An old and rarely seen form of birch-bark dish was round, 
about 9 inches in diameter and 3 inches deep. The bark was adjusted 
in folds around the sides and the dish or tray was finished at the 
upper edge with two rows of sweet grass. 
Cooking utensils —It was possible to make a cooking utensil from 
green bark in which meat could be cooked. A Canadian Chippewa 
said that he had done this himself, making the container with either 
side of the bark outward. He said that he filled it with water and 
“put it right on the fire,” that the part above the water might burn 
but the part below the water would last so long that the meat would 
be cooked. He said that he had heard of the putting of hot stones 
in the water in such a dish to heat the water, but he had not done 
this himself. 
Coverings for dwellings —Sheets of bark were sewn together with 
basswood fiber (not twisted) and made into the “ birch-bark rolls ” 
used as covers for dwellings, the sheets of bark being placed hori- 
zontally. Sticks across the ends of the roll kept it from tearing. 
These rolls were used most frequently on the tops of the wigwams, 
or lodges with frames of bent poles, but were also used on the conical 
