FOWKE] EXPLORATIONS IN RED RIVER VALLEY 499 
then overspread with a thin layer of gray clay, and finally black earth 
piled over it all. 
In five or six places, in a nearly straight row, along the east side 
of the excavation were holes left by the decay of posts or poles 3 or 
4 inches in diameter, extending well into or nearly through the middle 
stratum of red earth; but as no similar cavities were found elsewhere 
these can not be considered as evidence of a structure of any kind. 
There was no trace of burial in any part of the mound; nor had 
the soil on which it stood ever been disturbed prior to the present ex- 
cayation. The only human bone found was the fragment of jaw 
noted above; and this had been carried in with a basketload of earth. 
1 Black soil or muck mingled with reddish clay and gray clay, 3 feet. 
2 Gray clay, 2 to 3% inches. 
= = | 
Tim rT rey 3 Rotted sod and grass roots, 2 to 314 inches. 
4 Yellow-brown (the so-called “‘red’’) clay subsoil, obtained from 
banks of ravines, 3 feet. 
enero ne moan —sorreseo-esa—eo—-1h Kitchen midden refuse, only a streak. 
6 Similar to (1), 3 feet 
ORIGINAL SURFACE 
===] 7 Natural soil, 1 foot. 
= 
8 Subsoil. 
Fic. 4.—Section of Mound 12, 
Plate 1 
Mowunp 13.—The level area along the foot of the bluff to the east- 
ward and southward of the spur on which Mound 12 is built is strewn 
over an area of nearly 2 acres, with the débris incident to an Indian 
settlement. At the outer extremity of this space, 300 feet south of 
east from Mound 12, once stood a mound about 4 feet high. It was 
scraped down “ to get it out of the way.” It is probable this was the 
site of a house, as refuse is more abundant on and around it than 
elsewhere. It was not a burial mound, for although one skeleton 
was dragged out, it lay several feet from the center. 
Nothing could be learned by excavating here. 
South of Mounds 10 and 11, in the lowland bordering Old River, 
are the remaining mounds of this group. They are seven in number, 
four large flat-topped and three small rounded ones. Their arrange- 
ment is shown on the map, They inclose a rudely square area of 
