FOWKE | ABORIGINAL FLINT QUARRIES 513 
In various parts of central and southern Ohio have been found 
small arrowheads that appear to be made of this flint. They are 
abundant around the Licking Reservoir, and on some shop sites on 
the north side of that water flakes and chips of this or exactly similar 
material are as numerous as those of the “ Flint Ridge stone ” which 
occurs much closer at hand. 
Excavations are feasible in only a small area; about 5 or 6 acres 
in the deposit toward the northwest and less than half that extent 
to the northeast. Beyond these limits the overlying earth is too 
thick to be penetrated by primitive methods. But the stone seems 
to have been restricted in amount when laid down, for within a 
hundred yards to the southward, at the level where it should occur, 
there is no sign of it. A few bowlders or “ chunks” are found to 
the northward, but no continuous bed. To the east it disappears 
under the bed of a creek a fourth of a mile from the ancient diggings. 
The ledge where it is dug is 10 feet above the stream, with a descend- 
ing slope in every direction. There is a workshop on the east end 
of the little knoll thus formed. Scraps, spalls, and fragments are 
numerous, but no flakes, few chips, and no “turtlebacks” or broken 
specimens in the few places where the sod is sufficiently broken by 
tramping of cattle to allow examination. 
Among the “diggings” on Flint Ridge there are not fewer than 
100 pits any one of which required more work in its excavation than 
all that have ever been found around New Lexington. 
Firt my Kanawua Vatiey, W. Va. 
A stratum of black flint about 4 feet in thickness is continuous 
over a large portion of the Lower Coal Measures of West Virginia. 
Along the Kanawha River it extends from Elk Shoals, immediately 
below the mouth of Elk River, to a short distance east of Hawk’s 
Nest. The shoals are caused by the flint stratum at its lowest level 
on the surface; but it is not visible here, being covered by the water 
and by the alluvium on either side. The dip of the rocks in this 
region is to the northwest at the rate of 35 to 40 feet per mile, which 
brings the flint to its final outcrop about 25 miles to the eastward. 
Its extent along the strike is not known; but it can be found in the 
river hills and in the ravines tributary to the Kanawha wherever 
it has not been buried by detritus from the weathered shales and 
sandstones above it. The underlying formation is a soft shale; and 
wherever a stream, large or small, cuts across it the flint forms a 
shelf over which the water falls in a clean sheet, the shale being cut 
back sometimes to a distance of 25 feet. The mountain sides are so 
steep that excavations from the surface to the stone are impracticable, 
or to Indians impossible; but all the creeks which cross it have their 
