hkdu.-ka] THE YUKON TERRITORY 133 



United States Censuses, 1900, 1910, and 1920, which are given in dif- 

 fering ways, but in the main by major ethnic and territorial or 

 jurisdictional subdivisions. 



Due to incomplete enumerations; to the use of native estimates for 

 actual count (as seems to have been the case with Dall's figures, as 

 well as others) ; the different methods and classifications employed; 

 and the inclusion of units now into one and now into another group 

 (as with Petrof, who includes three Indian villages below Anvik 

 among the Eskimo, etc.), the various counts are not comparable and 

 give but hazy ideas of the true conditions. Yet they are not without 

 value, particularly in showing the earlier population of the villages 

 and the relative proportion of the sexes and ages. The more help- 

 ful details are given in the appendix; for still others see references 

 in bibliographj 7 . 



l'l! ESENT CONDITK IN s 



To-day, judging from all the obtained evidence, which comprised 

 information, the witnessing of a potlatch at Tanana at which were 

 assembled practically all the Indians above Nulato, and a visit below 

 the Tanana of nearly all the villages where the Indians still live, 

 the total number of the Tinneh on the lower Tanana (from Fair- 

 banks to the mouth of the river) and on the Yukon from Tanana 

 to Anvik, can scarcely be estimated to reach 1,000. It is probably 

 well below that number. Moreover, not one-half of the adults and 

 much fewer among the young are still full bloods. Disease, bad 

 liquor (Yukon), and mostly as yet imperfect accommodation to 

 changing conditions are steadily diminishing the numbers. Since 

 our visit many have died from influenza, especially at Anvik. Their 

 future is not hopeful. On the Tanana, however, and with the more 

 educated in general, conditions are better, and much good is being 

 done by the four missions on the two rivers (Nenana, Tanana, Anvik, 

 and Holy Cross). 



The old Indian settlements along the Yukon are gone, with a few 

 exceptions. On some of the sites, as at Tanana, Nulato, Kaltag, etc., 

 there are new villages bearing the old names but built by or in imita- 

 tion of whites and sheltering a mixed population. The very names 

 of not a few of the older Indian sites have gone into oblivion; or 

 the natives call those they still know by a corruption of a white man's 

 name, such as " TJlstissen " (for Old Station). Anvik alone has kept 

 its original site and some of its old character, the mission and the 

 white trader being across the river. 



In the Eskimo part of the Yukon, below Holy Cross, conditions on 

 the whole appear to be somewhat better. There has also been a 

 diminution in population. The majority of the old villages have 

 ceased to exist, while under the influence of whites some new settle- 



