176 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA [eth. ANN. 46 



There is no definite indication as yet that the people of the high 

 fossil ivory art in the northern Bering Sea and neighboring parts 

 were any others than the ancestors of the Eskimo. The skeletal re- 

 mains from these regions, as will be shown later, rather support 

 this view. But those ancestors may not yet have represented the 

 characteristic present type of the people. Here, too, nothing definite 

 can be said before the results of sufficient scientific excavations 

 become available. 



Sites and Villages 



The location of the western Eskimo villages has received more or 

 less attention by most of the explorers in their region from the 

 Russian time onward; but such efforts are generally limited to the 

 living villages in the area visited by the observers. 



Perhaps the earliest Russian map of value in this connection on 

 the Bering Sea region is that which I find in Billings and Gall's 

 Voyage or " Puteshestvie " of 1791, printed in St. Petersburg 1811. 

 The map bears no date, but is evidently quite early. It gives three 

 villages on the western point and north coast of the Seward Penin- 

 sula, namely Kiemile (later Nykhta, now Wales), Chegliukh, and 

 Tykiak. (PI. 29.) 



The most notable and valuable of the Russian contributions to this 

 subject is that of Zagoskin. This refers to the period of 1842—1844 

 and is contained partly in his " Peshechodnaia Opis," etc. (St. 

 Petersburg, 1847), but especially on his maps. There are, I find, 

 two of these maps — -the " Merkatorskaia Karta Casti Sieverozapad- 

 nago Berega Ameriky " and the " Merkatorskaia Generalnaia Karta 

 Casti Rossijskich Vladenii v Amerike." I came across the first in 

 one copy of Zagoskin's invaluable account, which should long ago 

 have been translated into English, and the other in another copy. 

 Part of the second is here reproduced. (PI. 30.) Both bear the 

 statement that they were made by Zagoskin as the result of his ex- 

 plorations on the Yukon in 1842-1844. The second (" general ") map 

 is much the clearer and richer. Both maps, but especially the second, 

 give a good number of villages, especially about Norton Sound and 

 along the southern shore of Seward Peninsula. The orthography 

 differs somewhat on the two charts. 



The Tebenkof Atlas of 1849 includes a remarkably good map of the 

 St. Lawrence Island. As on other Russian maps it gives the Punuk 

 Islands, that later are lost by most map makers, and indicates the 

 location of what probably were all the living settlements of that 

 time, except on the Punuk. (Fig. 27.) 



Finally, in 1861, Tikhmenief , in his " Istorif-eskoie Obozrenie " 

 (history of Russian America) gives a detailed map with many loca- 

 tions of Eskimo villages. 



