218 ANTHROPOLOGICAL, SURVEY IN ALASKA [ETH. ANN. 46 



Eskimo, according to Doctor Davis, was 1.475, and that of 4 Innuit crania of 

 Norton Sound was 1,320 ; thus showing a wide variation. The mean capacity 

 of 20 West American Indian crania was only 1,284.06. The mean height of all 

 the Orarian skulls above referred to was 136.55 millimeters, against a breadth 

 of 134.47 millimeters, while the height of the Indian skulls was 120.14 milli- 

 meters, against a breadth of 100.025 millimeters. The zygomatic diameter of 

 the Orarian crania was 134.92 millimeters, while that of 12 Indian skulls was 

 134.65 millimeters. The Orarian skulls were most dolichocephalic, and the 

 Indian most braehycephalic. The latter averaged 37S.71 cubic centimeters less 

 capacity than the former. The average height of the Orarians, except among 

 the stunted tribes of the extreme north, will average as great as that of their 

 Indian neighbors. The strength and activity of the former far exceed that 

 of any northern Indians with whom I am acquainted. 



Page 401 : The Kaniagmuts are of middle stature and a complexion more 

 reddish than that of the Aleutians or more northern Innuit. They are stoutly 

 built, with large broad faces, and their hair is coarse, black, and straight. 



Page 407 : The Magemuts * * * are tall, finely formed, and have very 

 fair complexions. Blue eyes are not unknown among them, but their hair 

 is black and their beards are very light. 



The Ekogmuts. * * * A noticeable feature in many of them is the ex- 

 treme hairiness of their persons. Many have very strong black beards and 

 hairy bodies. 



Page 410: The Point Barrow tribe are said by Richardson to be called 

 Nuwungmeun. * * * These northern Innuit are very few in number. 

 * * * Simpson mentions that their thumbs appeared to be disproportionately 

 short. The same may be true of the Norton Sound Innuit ; at all events, no 

 white man can wear one of their mittens comfortably until the thumb is 

 lengthened. 



Doctor Otis, of the United States Army Medical Museum, says that 

 the skulls found in the northern mounds have the same peculiarities 

 which distinguish all Orarian crania, and that both are instantly 

 distinguishable from any Indian skulls. 



1874, Bancroft (compilation) : 54 



"The physical characteristics of the Eskimos are: A fair complexion, 55 the 

 skin, when free from dirt and paint, being almost white: a medium stature, 

 well proportioned, thickset, muscular, robust, active, 60 with small and beauti- 



" Bancroft. Hubert H., The Native Races of the Pacific States. Vol. i. New York, 1874. 

 Wild Tribes, p. 45. 



r * Color. — " Their complexion, it divested of its usual covering of dirt, can hardly be 

 called dark." — Secmann's Voy. Herald, vol. n, p. 51. " In comparison with other Americans 

 of a white complexion." — McCulloh's Aboriginal Hist, of America, p. 20. " White com- 

 plexion, not copper coloured." — Dobb's Hudson's Bay. p. 50. "Almost as white as Euro- 

 peans." — Kalm's Travels, vol. II, p. 263. " Not darker than that of a Portuguese." — 

 Lyon's Journal, p. 224. " Scarcely a shade darker than a deep brunet." — Parry's Third 

 Voyage, p. 493. " Their complexion is light." — Dall's Alaska, p. 381. " Eyewitnesses 

 agree in their superior lightness of complexion over the Chinooks." — Pickering's Races of 

 Man. F. S. Ex. Ex.. ix. 28. At Coppermine River they are " of a dirty copper color : some 

 of the women, however, are more fair and ruddy." — Hearne's Travels, p. 166. " Consid- 

 erably fairer than the Indian tribes." — Simpson's Nar.. p. 110. At Cape Bathurst "the 

 complexion is swarthy, chiefly. I think, from exposure and the accumulation of dirt." — 

 Armstrong's Nar., p. 192. " Show little of the copper color of the Red Indians." — Rich- 

 ardson'fl Pol. Reg., p. 303. " From exposure to weather they become dark after man- 

 hood." — Richardson's Nar., i. 343. 



w Proportions. — "Both sexes are well proportioned, stout, muscular, and active." — 

 Seemann's Voy. Herald, n, 50. "A stout, well-looking people." — Simpson's Nar., pp. 110, 

 114. " Below the mean of the Caucasian race." — Doctor Hayes in Historic Magazine, 

 vol. I. p. 6. " They are thick set. have a decided tendency to obesity, and are seldom 



