hrdliCka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 239 



Height sitting. — The height-sitting-stature index ranges from 

 slightly to quite notably higher than it is in other races, indicating 

 a tendency toward a relatively long trunk and somewhat short limbs. 

 A study of the long bones shows that this is due especially, if not 

 wholly, to the relative shortness of the tibia; and the subdevelopment 

 of this bone may, it seems, be ascribed to a great deal of squatting 

 both at home during the long winters and in the canoes. The male 

 Eskimo show more difference from other males in this respect than 

 the Eskimo females show from other females. 95 



Arm span. — Relatively to the stature the length of the arms in the 

 E>kimo males is shorter than it is in other racial groups, though there 

 appears to be some inequality in this respect. This shortness would 

 be especially marked if we compared the arm span with the height 

 sitting. It is due essentially to a shortness of the distal half of the 

 upper limbs. The males once more show this disproportion more 

 as compared to other males than the females compared with others 

 of their sex. (See comp. data in Old Americans.) This may be 

 connected in some way with the male Eskimo work and habits; or it 

 may be an expression of a correlative subdevelopment with that of the 

 lower limbs. It is a good point for further study. 



The head. — The head, especially when taken in relation to the 

 stature, is of good size, particularly on the Nunivak Island and on the 

 Yukon. This agrees with what is known of the Eskimo head, skull, 

 and brain elsewhere. 



The size of the Eskimo head — which is not caused by a thick skull — 

 will best be appreciated by contrasting it with that of civilized whites. 

 In whites in general the mean head diameter or cephalic module 

 ranges in males from approximately 15.70 to 16.40; in the male west- 

 ern Eskimo groups the range is 15.87 to 16.08, and 16.11 in the group 

 at Marshall on the Yukon. The percentage relation of the module to 

 stature in 12 groups of male whites, including the old Americans, 

 averages 9.31 to 10.11 ; in the male Eskimo groups it is from 9.57 to 

 9&b. In females, the cephalic module is 15.57 in the old Americans, 

 15.36 to 15.68 in the Eskimo ; the relation of the module to stature in 

 the former being 9.59, in the latter 10.15 to 10.25. 



In the western Eskimo woman the head dimensions are particu- 

 larly favorable. In the old American whites the mean head diameter 

 in the female is to that of the male on the average as 95 to 100; in 

 the two main groups of the western Eskimo it is as 96.1 and 96.7 to 

 100. Nothing is known as to the cause of this apparently favorable 

 status of the Eskimo woman; it is another interesting point for 

 further inquiry. 



™ For comparative data on these- and other proportions see writer's old Americans, 

 Baltimore, 1925; also Toplnard'e and Martin's textbooks. 



