hrdi.k-ka] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 265 



Western and Other Eskimo: Facial Dimensions in the Skull 



Groups 



Southwestern and 

 midwestern 



Groups 



Northwestern 



Groups 



North Arctic and 

 northeastern 



Males 



Men- 



ton- 



nasion 



(9) 



12.60 

 (5) 



12.58 

 (5) 



12.22 



Alve- 

 olar 

 point- 



nasion 



(14) 



7.87 

 (7) 



7.73 

 (6) 



7.69 



Diam- 

 eter 



liizy- 

 goraatic 

 maxi- 

 mum 



(14) 



14. 25 

 (7) 



14.23 

 (6) 



14.32 



Cranial facial 

 index 



Total Cpper 



(8) 



88. t 

 (5) 



88. S 

 (5) 



86.9 



(14) 



SB. S 



(7) 



Hi 



(0) 



BS.7 



Females 



Men- 



ton- 



nasion 



(8) 



11.63 



(2) 



11.55 



(3) 



11.61 



Alve- 

 olar 

 point- 

 nasion 



(10) 



7.29 



(7) 



7.19 



(5) 



7.13 



Diam 



eter 

 bizy- 



piimatk' 

 maxi- 

 mum 



(10) 



13.27 



(7) 



13.18 



(5) 



13.15 



Cranial facial 

 Index 



Total 



(8) 



87.7 

 (2) 



88.1 

 (3) 



85.7 



Upper 



GO) 



SIB 



(7) 



54. e 



(6) 



6i.e 



These data show a number of interesting conditions. The height 

 of the upper face (alveolar point-nasion) is greatest in the south- 

 western and midwestern groups, is slightly lower in the northwest- 

 erners, and still further slightly lower in the north Arctic and the 

 northeast. On the other hand the facial breadth is slightly higher 

 in the north and east, and that although the vault has become 

 mostly decidedly narrower. 



These facts are shown best by the upper facial index, which in the 

 males descends quite perceptibly in the west from the south to the 

 north and in the Arctic from the west to the east. In the females 

 there is a parallel gradual diminution in the upper facial height 

 from the south to the north and then east, but the facial breadth 

 diminishes very slightly also instead of increasing, as a result of 

 which the upper facial index shows only minor differences ; yet these 

 differences are in the same direction as those in the males. 



These matters are involved with a number of factors' — the stature, 

 the breadth of the vault, and the development and direct influence 

 of the temporal muscles, besides hereditary conditions. Their proper 

 study will necessitate even more — in fact, much more — material than 

 is now at our disposal. 



The following table gives the distribution of the upper crajiial 

 facial index in the various groups. Of the two indices that of the 

 whole face, including the lower jaw, is the less valuable; first, because 

 the jaw is often absent; second, because it is influenced by the height 

 of the lower jaw, which does not correlate perfectly with the upper; 

 and third, on account of the wear of the teeth, which in such people 

 as the Eskimo is very common and diminishes more or less the total 

 height of the face. Its averages in the three main groupings have 

 already been given. Its figures are not very exceptional. 



88253°— 30 18 



