306 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA [eth. ann. 46 



The angle in the female in the Eskimo is to that of the male as 

 104 to 100; in the Arkansas and Louisiana series it was 103. In 

 the whites the proportion seems to be a little higher. 



There are evidently, if we exclude the whites in whom the short- 

 ness of the jaw conduces probably to a wider angle, no marked racial 

 differences, but the subject needs a more thorough study on large 

 .series of sexually well-identified specimens, carefully selected as 

 to age. 



The average angle on the right differs in the Eskimo but very 

 slightly from that on the left, though individually there are fre- 

 quent inequalities. 



Resume 



The Eskimo lower jaw differs substantially in many respects from 

 that in other races, particularly from that of the whites. It is char- 

 acterized by a high and stout body; by broad but low rami; and by 

 excessive breadth at the angles. The body-ramus angle is moderate. 

 To which may be added that the chin is generally of but moderate 

 prominence, and that the bone at the angles in males is occasionally 

 markedly everted. 



Mandibular Hyperostoses 



These hypertrophies or hyperostoses are rarely met with also in the 

 jaws of the Indian and other people. They are symmetric and 

 characteristic, though often more or less irregular. They generally 

 extend from the vicinity of the lateral incisors or the canines back- 

 ward, forming when more developed a marked bulge on each side 

 opposite the bicuspids, which gives the inner contour of the jaw 

 when looked at from above a peculiar elephantine appearance. 

 They may occur in the form of smooth, oblong, somewhat fusiform 

 swellings, or as a continuous more or less uneven ridge, or may be rep- 

 resented by from one to four or five more or less rounded or flat- 

 tened hard " buttons " or tumor-like elevations. In development 

 they range from slight to very marked. 



These hyperostoses have been reported by various observers (Dan- 

 ielli, S0ren Hansen, Rudolf Virchow, Welcker, Duckworth & Pain, 

 Oetteking, Hrdlicka, Hawkes). They received due attention by 

 Fiirst and Hansen in their "Crania Groenlandica " (p. 178). They 

 have been given the convenient, though both etiologically and mor- 

 phologically inaccurate, name of " mandibular torus "; I think man- 

 dibular hyperostoses or simply welts would be better. Fiirst and 

 Hansen found them, taking all grades of development, in 182, or 85 

 per cent, of 215 lower jaws of Greenland Eskimo; in 28 jaws, or 13 

 per cent, they were pronounced, the remainder being slight to me- 

 dium. A special examination of 62 lower jaws of children and 710 



