332 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA [eth. ANN. « 



these views received the influential support of De Mortillet (see 

 details). In 1889 the theory receives strong support from the char- 

 acteristics of the Chancelade (Magdalenian) skeleton which Testut 

 declares are in many respects almost identical with those of the 

 Eskimo. And within the next few years the notion is upheld by 

 Hamy and Herve. It remains sympathetic as late as 1913 to Marcel- 

 lin Boule, and finds most recent champions in Morin and Sollas. 



However, there were also many who opposed the effort at a direct 

 connection of the upper palaeolithic man of Europe and the Eskimo. 

 Among these were Geikie. Flower. Rae, Daniel Wilson. Robert 

 Brown, Dechelette, Laloy. At present the theory is supported 

 mainly by Morin and Sollas, opposed by Steensby, Burkitt, Keith, 

 MacCurdy, and others; while most students of the Eskimo ignore 

 the question. 



Other hypotheses. — Besides the preceding ideas which attribute 

 the origin of the Eskimo to Asia, or America, or old Europe, there 

 were also others that failed to receive a wider support ; and there 

 were authors and students who remained undecided or were too 

 cautious to definitely formulate their beliefs. Some of the former 

 as well as the latter deserve brief mention. 



Gallatin, in 1836, mainly on linguistic grounds, recognizes the 

 fundamental relation of the Eskimo and the Indian and seems in- 

 clined to the American origin of the former, but makes no clear state- 

 ment to that effect. For Meigs (1857), who probably followed an 

 earlier opinion, the Eskimo came " from the islands of the Polar 

 Sea." C. C. Abbott (1876) saw Eskimo in the early inhabitants of 

 the Delaware Valley. To Grote (1875, 1877), the Eskimo were " the 

 existing representatives of the man of the American glacial epoch "'; 

 they were modified Pliocene men. Nordenskiold (1885) follows 

 closely Meigs and Grote ; the Eskimo may be " the true autochthones 

 of the Polar regions," having inhabited them from before the glacial 

 age. during more genial climate. Keane (1886) believed the Eskimo 

 developed from the Aleuts. For De Quatrefages (1887). man origi- 

 nated in the Tertiary in northern Asia, spread from there, and some 

 of his contingents may have reached America and been the ancestors 

 of the Eskimo; the western tribes of the latter being a mixture of the 

 Eskimo with Asiatic brachycephals. Nansen (1893) avoids a dis- 

 cussion of the origin of the Eskimo; and the same caution is ob- 

 servable more or less in most modern writers. 



The following chart of the more noteworthy opinions regarding 

 the origin of the Eskimo will show at a glance the diversity of the 

 views and their lack of conclusiveness. 



