358 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA [BTH.AIW.4e 



(taller in the west, shorter in the east than that of the Indian) ; the 

 size of the head (everywhere averaging higher in the Eskimo) ; 

 dolichocephaly, height of the head, its keel shape (all more pro- 

 nounced in the eastern and now and then a western Eskimo than in 

 any Indian group) ; the face, nose, orbits, and lower jaw; with the 

 relative proportions and other characteristics of the skeleton. All 

 these point to functional and other developments within the Eskimo 

 groups and none suggest a large Indian admixture. 



It is well known that more or less blood mixture takes place among 

 all neighboring peoples'where contact is possible, even if otherwise 

 there be much enmity. Such enmity, often in an extreme form, ex- 

 isted everywhere it seems between the Eskimo and the Indian, as a 

 result of the encroaching of the former on the latter; there are many 

 statements to that effect. Within historic times also thei'e are no 

 records of any adoptions or intermarriages between the two peoples. 

 Nevertheless where contact took place, as on the rivers and in the 

 southwest as well as the southeast of the Eskimo territory, some blood 

 mixture, it would seem, must have developed. The Indian neighbors 

 show it, and it would be strange if it remained one-sided. But of a 

 mixture extensive enough to have materially modified the type of 

 the Eskimo in whole large regions, such as the entire Bering Sea and 

 most of the far northeast, there is no evidence and little not only 

 probability but even possibility. Nothing approaching such an ex- 

 tensive mixture is shown by the near-by Indians; and it would be 

 most exceptional in people of this nature if a much greater propor- 

 tion of the mixture was into the Eskimo. 



Finally, a mixture of diverse human types, unless very old. may be 

 expected to leave numerous physical signs of heterogeneity and 

 disturbance, none of which is shown by either the western or eastern 

 Eskimo. Such groups as that of the St. Lawrence Island, or that 

 of Greenland, are among the most homogeneous human groups 

 known. The range of variation of their characters is as a rule a 

 strictly normal range, giving a uniform curve of distribution, which 

 is not consistent with the notion of any relatively recent material 

 mixture. 



4. The indications. — The indications of the data and observations 

 presented in this volume may be outlined as follows: 



The Eskimo throughout their territory are but one and the same 

 broad strain of people. This strain is fundamentally related to that 

 (or those) of the American Indian. It is also uncontestably related 

 to the yellow-brown strains of Asia. 



In many respects, such as pigmentation, build of the body, physiog- 

 nomy, large brain, fullness of forehead, fullness of the fronto-spheno- 

 temporal region, largeness of face and lower jaw, height of the nose, 



