20 THE PIMA INDIANS 



[ETH. ANN. 26 



divisions of the same linguistic stock they add the word a'iviintilt, 

 ' ' river. ' ' ' ' River people' ' is indeed an apt designation, as evidenced by 

 their dependence on the Gila. 



Gatschet has thus defined the Pima linguistic stock in an article 

 entitled "The Indian languages of the Pacific," which was published 

 in the Magazine of American History: ° 



Pima. Dialects of this stock are spoken on the middle course of the Gila river, and 

 south of it on the elevated plains of southern Arizona and northern Sonora (Pimen'a 

 alta, Pimerfa baja). The Pima does not extend into California unless the extinct, 

 historical Cajuenches, mentioned in Mexican annals, spoke one of the Pima (or Pijmo, 

 Pimo) dialects. Pima, on Pima reserve, Gila river, a sonorous, root-duplicating idiom ; 

 Nevome, a dialect probably spoken in Sonora. of which we possess a reliable Spanish 

 grammar, published in Shea's Linguistics; 6 Papago, on Papago reserve, in southwest- 

 ern Arizona. 



Villages 



During the early part of the nineteenth centurj- there were eight 

 Pima villages on the Gila, according to statements made by Ka'mal tkak 

 and other old men of the tribe. The numerous accounts by travelers 

 and explorers contain mention of from five to ten pueblos or villages. 

 The names are usually those bestowed by the Spanish missionaries or 

 unrecognizable renderings of the native terms. The villages were 

 principally upon the south bank of the river, along which they 

 extended for a distance of about 30 miles.'' Some have been aban- 

 doned; in other cases the name has been retained, but the site has 

 been moved. The first villages named by Kano were Equituni, 

 Uturituc, and Sutaquison. The last two were situated near the 

 present agency of Sacaton (pi. i). The first may have been the 

 village of Pimas and Kwahadk s, which was situated west of Picacho 

 on the border of the sink of the Santa Cruz river (fig.l), which was 

 abandoned about a century ago and was known as Akfitciny, Creek 



Vol. I, 15C. 



>> The most valuable publication relating to the Puna language is the " Granunar ol the Pima or 

 Nevome, a language of Sonora, from a manuscript of the XVIII Century." This was edited by Buck- 

 ingham Smith, and IGO copies were issued in 1862. It is in Spanish-Nevome, the latter differing slightly 

 from the true Pima. The grammar has 97 octavo pages with' 32 additional pages devoted to a ■' Doc- 

 trina Cristiana y Confesionario en Lengua Nevome. 6 sea la Pima." 



c The Rudo Ensayo states that '■ between these Casas Grandes, the Pimas, called Gilefios, inhabit 

 both banks of the river Gila, occupying ranches on beautiful bottom land for 10 leagues farther down, 

 which, as well as some islands, are fruitful and suitable for wheat. Indian corn, etc." Records of the 

 American Catholic Historical Society, v, 128. 



*' The most important of these ranches are, on this side, Tusonimd, and on the other, Sudacson or 

 the Incarnation, where the principal of their chiefs, called Tavanimi5, lived, and farther down, Santa 

 Theresa, where there is a very copious spring." (Ibid., 129.) This ■' spring" was probably above the 

 present Gila Crossing where the river, after running for many miles underground in the dry season, 

 rises with a strong flow of water that supplies extensive irrigating ditches. 



Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, writing in I.S5.5, enimierate the following Pima \Tllages: San Juan 

 Capistrano, Sutaquison, Atison, Tubuscabor, and San Seferino de Napgub (see Pacific Railroad 

 Reports, in, pt. 3, 123). 



In 1858 Lieut. A. B. Chapman, First Dragoons, U. S. Army, completed a census of the Pimas and 

 Maricopas. The names of the villages, leaders, and the population of both tribes are here reprinted 



