24 THE PIMA INDIANS [eth. ann. 26 



with the Hohokam" or relate tales of the supernatural origin of the 

 pueblos, they now frankly admit that they do not know anything 

 about the matter.* As early as the time of Kino and Mange men- 

 tion is made of the chief of the former pueblo of Casa Grande, who 

 was called "Siba." Mange in his Diary of November, 1697, trans- 

 lates this word as "bitter" or "cruel." The present pronunciation 

 is sivan'' and the same name is given to all Hohokam chiefs; no one 

 now knows the meaning of the word. The query arises, Is the simi- 

 larity of this term to the native name for the Zuiiis a mere coinci- 

 dence? Mr Cushing states that "Cibola equals the 'Chi-vo-la' of 

 Fray Marcus, of Nizza, equals the Zuni name for themselves, namely, 

 Shiwona, or Shiwina.'"'^ 



Each ruin is called va-aki, ancient house, and in tiie myths a 

 name is added to distinguish it from other rums and to it si'van>' to 

 identify him from other chiefs. 



Following is the list of the best»kn'own places, with their chiefs: 



Tco'-oltuk, Corner, Casa Grande. Ruled Ijy Sia'-al Tcu-vtaki, Morning Blue. 

 A-at'kam Va-aki, Sandy Ancient House, Santan. Ruled by Ivla'-atak, Handle. 

 S'o'am Nyu'i Va-aki, Yellow Vulture Ancient House. Name of chief not known 

 to my informants. 



The following names of chiefs are preserved iii the myths, but the 

 ruins are referred to simply as va-aki: 



Tcuf'haowo-o, Dipper, was the sivany at tlie ruin situated about 4 miles northwest 

 of Santan. (PI. iv. a, b.) 



Ta'-a, Flying, lived at the Sweetwater pueblo. (PI. iv, c.) 



Tco'-otcok Ta'tai, Black Sinew, at Casa Blanca.<2 



Tcu'narsat, Lizard, at Gila Crossing. 



A'-an Hi'tupaki, Feather Breathing, at Mesa. 



Vi'-ik I'alt Ma'kai, Soft Feathers Rolling, ruled the puelilo between Tcmpe and 

 Phoenix that is now being excavated by the Arizona Antiquarian Society. 



When a single chief is referred to, he is usually called Si'van^", and 

 when the full name is given, Si'van^ is always added, .so that it is 

 not surprising that Mange, Bandelier/ and others should have sup- 



a The term ITohokam, That which has Perished, is used by the Pimas to designate the race that occu- 

 pied the pueblos that are now rounded heaps of ruins in the Salt and Gila river valleys. .\s there is 

 no satisfactory English term, the Pima name has Ijccn adopted throughout this memoir. 



''•'I made frequent inquiries of the Pimos and Coco-Maricopas as to the builders of these iSalt 

 River ruins) and the ruins on the Gila, but oould obtam no other than the ever ready, Qu en sabe? 

 These, as well as the ruins above the Ptmo villages, are known among the Indians as the 'houses of 

 Montezuma,' an idea doulitless derived from the Mexicans, rather than from any tradition of their 

 own. We asked our Indian guide who Monteziuna was. He answered, ' Nobody knows who the 

 devil he was: all we know is. that he built these houses." " Bartlett, Personal Narrative. 1S'J4. ll, 248. 



cCongr^s International des .Vm^ricanistes, 7"^ sess., 1S90, 155. 



d The ruin at Casa Blanca (pi. v, a) is one of the largest south of the Gila. The adobe walls yet show 

 at the level of the surface of the mound. Sedelmair states in his Relaci<5n that there were two houses 

 standing at Casa lilanca in 1744. This and the ruin in Santan are the only ones near which the modem 

 villages are built. Casa Grande is 6 miles from the nearest Pima village, which was, furthermore, 

 quite recently established by families from points farther down the river. 



e '• While in New Mexico the chain of traditional information appears almost unbroken as far down 

 as San Marcial, in .Arizona the folk-lore of the Zuiii terminates, according to Mr Cushing. with the north- 

 em folds of the Escudilla and of the Sierra Blanca. The remarkable architecture prevalent on the 



