RlSSErX] 



ARTIFACTS 



99 



Yoke. With (he introduction of cattle the Pimas obtained their 

 first draft animal. They were used principally in plowing and were 

 fitted with yokes (fifj. 12) of cottonwood or willow which were attached 

 to the horns of the animals as in southern Eun)pe to the present tlay. 

 The yokes themselves are the best evidence that the burden upon the 

 animals was light, for these small sticks of brittle wood would snap 

 at the first strain if on the shoulders of an ox team with a lieav}- load. 

 There are a few yokes yet to be found, though they have not been 

 used for several years. The specimens collecteil are fairly well made, 

 straiirht, but with sections hollowed to fit the necks of the team." 



Household Utensils 



Mortar. Perhaps the mor- 

 tar should be placed first -in 

 importance among the utensils 

 of tliis class. There are two 

 forms, one (fig. 13, a) with the 

 hole sunk in the end of the 

 log, and wliich may be either 

 sharpened at the other end 

 and set permanently in the 

 ground or cut flat at the op- 

 posite end so that it will stand 

 uj^right and may be moved 

 about. The other style (fig. 

 13, h) lies horizontal, with the 

 hole in the side of the log. 

 This is always portable.'' 



Two or three stone mortars, 

 rounded and well shaped, were 

 seen; they had been obtained 

 from the ruins and were little 

 used. At the Double butters, 

 near the center of the Gila Itiver reservation, there are a few 

 mortar cavities in the solid rock ledges. There is also one in a large 

 bowlder wliich is regardctl with sui>crstitious reverence. Mortars 

 in solid stone are not uncommon in Arizona. The writer saw a row 

 of them at the end of a cliff ruin of eight or ten rooms in Aravaipa 

 canyon. There are several in a rough hillock in Ilarshaw canyon, 

 Patagonia mountains. The base of the conical hill at Tucson is well 



a There are two specimens in the collection. The larger is 1.450 m. long: 10 cm. in diameter at the 

 middle, with notches for nocks: 30cm. wide. The second specimen is I.IMO m. long. 



fr The mortar of the horizontal type in the coU'XJtion is perhaps a trifle smaller than the average. 

 It measures 40 cm. in length. 27 cm. in height, and 22 cm. in thickness. X heavy specimen of this 

 type in the collection measures 37 cm. in height, ;i2 cm. in diameter; the cavity is 17 cm. deep. 



Fig. 13. a, 6, Mortars: c. wooden pestle: (/, liread tray. 



