196 THE PIMA INDIANS [etii. an\. ;G 



cils. The office of head cliief is not hereditary, tlioii^h the present 

 incum])ent succeeded his father. He is elected l)y tlie village chiefs. 



The present head cliief is Antonio Azul (pi. ii, a), known among his 

 people as Uva-a't6ka, Spread Leg, from a peculiarity in his gait; 

 also as Ma'vit Ka'wutam, Puma Shield, and by other names less ele- 

 gant. The calendar records are silent u])on this, and as to the date 

 of his accession, reference to it in contemporarj- literature has been 

 seen. He became chief before 1SG4, as Poston mentions in his report 

 as special commissioner in that j-ear that Antonio had just had his 

 commission revoked for bad conduct." 



Antonio's father had been the preceding head chief. He was known 

 as Culo Azul, also as Ti'ahiatam, Urine. His predecessor was llsan'tali 

 Vi'akam, who was killed by Apaches before Kamal tkak, who is prob- 

 ably TT) years old, was born. His jiredece.ssor was named O'sivf, 

 Joseph. No recollection of any earlier chief remains. In the Kudo 

 Ensayo Tavanirao is named as the chief about the year 1757,'' and 

 it is possible that he was the predecessor of O'sh'f. 



The decrees of the councils are announced from a house top by 

 the village crier, who is selected because of possessing the loudest and 

 clearest voice. There are sometimes two of these officials in a village. 



In each village there was also a ''ceremonj' talker," or master of 

 ceremonies, whose duty it was to arrange and control the details of 

 the festivals and general ceremonies not especially jirovided for by 

 the religious fraternities. 



At the command of each council was a messenger wlio miglit he 

 sent to summon tlio.se required by that body. 



Any man of acknowledged courage might, with the apjiroval of 

 his fraternity (the information obtained at this point was some- 

 what vague — perhaps " neighbors " or " the community" is the better 

 term), organize a war party. He was then called Tcunyim or 

 Tcu'ymyim, Smoker, or War Speaker. His name and authority ended 

 upon returning from tlie camjiaign. 



It is important to note that the tril)c acted as a unit against the 

 Apaches. With their compact territory antl well-developed agri- 

 culture they niiglit well have easily develojjed yet further their 

 division of labor and established a warrior class. Then, with their 

 increasing numbers under the stimulus of material well-being, they 

 might have easity extended their power. No neighboring tribes 

 except the Apaches and Papagos surpassed them in nundiers; the 

 former were without resources, the latter were related and friendly. 

 The advantages of confederation had ])een learned from more than 

 half a century's experience with the Maricopas, a tribe of alien speech 

 and blood. 



"Sec Report of Commissionor of Indian .4.ftairs 1864, 153, 1865. 

 6 Records American Catholic Historical Society, v, 129'. 



