RUSSELL] 



SOCIAL ORGANTZATION 197 



GENTES 



Descent is traced in the male line and there are five groups that 

 may be calletl gentes, thouj^h they exert no influence upon marriage 

 laws nor do they manifest any evidences of organization so far as 

 ascertained. Tiie names of these groups iiave lost all meaning. 

 They arc called A'kol, A'pap, A'piikl, Ma'-am, and Va'-af. 



The first three are known as the Vulture or lied People, the last 

 two as the Coyote or White People. However, they are spoken of 

 as the S6wti'ki O'himal and Sto'am O'himal, or Red iVnts and White 

 Ants." In the Pima creation myth presented in full in tliis memoir 

 reference is made to black ants, tcotclk tatany, and to the termite, 

 hiapltc, but no connection is supposed to exist between them and 

 the o'himal. 



The Red Peojjle are said to have been in possession of tlie country 

 when Elder Brother brought the White People from tlie nether worltl 

 and conquered them as described on page 22G. There were more 

 than two gentes of the White People, but Coyote laughed too soon 

 at them and the earth closed before the others got through. The 

 author suspects that this division signifies that the tribe was formed 

 by the junction of two peoples, the only trace of the original groups 

 being the names and the maintenance of the laws of vengeance. 



SLAVES 



The slaves taken by the Pimas were chiefly from the ranks of the 

 Apaches or their allies.'' Though war was wageil for many years 

 against the Yumas it was not of a character to enable them to capture 

 many Yuma children. When captured, Apache children were not 

 killed; they were soon forwarded to Tucson, Altar, or Guaymas and 

 sold to the Spaniards or Mexicans. These captives were well treated, 

 but their origin was never forgotten and the fear and suspicion of the 

 tribe found expression at times in the decrees of the medicine-men 

 that certain misfortunes were caused })y the presence of the aliens. 

 Somewhat rarely the girls were married into the tribe and an appre- 

 ciable amount of foreign l)lood was introduced in tliis way which 

 doubtless had its effect upon tlie vigor of tlie race. 



SOCIAL MORALS 



It would be a more agreeable task to write of tiie morality of primi- 

 tive Pimas than of that which developed as a result of contact with 

 Spaniards and Americans. To the honesty and virtue of the tril)e a 



"The same divisions oxist among the Papagos. and Jos6 Lewis, the Papago who interproteii for 

 Professor McGeo, submitted specimens of the ant as exampies of tlie insect refi-rred to as " o'himal." 



ft '• Que los Coconiarffopas apressan loe muehachos Nijoras (que todos son gentiles) y los venden piT 

 eficlavos a los mas, y estos & los Espafiolis, que los compran en cortas cantidadcs." Villa-Seflor, y 

 Sanchez, Theatre jVjnericano, 17^8, pt. 2, i, 396. 



