Anatomy and Life-History of Pyrops candelaria. 115 
pumping action. The anterior edge of the dorsal plate of the 
pharynx is produced into a small membranous process, the epipharynx, 
which is in intimate connection with and very difficult to separate 
from the labrum. The anterior ventral edge of the pharynx is 
produced into a highly chitinized V-shaped organ, the hypopharynx. 
The salivary glands, operated by a complex syringe, open at the 
tip of the hypopharynx. 
The salivary glands are highly developed; a pair of large white 
glands (Fig. 13 and 14 Sg!), each one like a double string of pearls, 
pass down the dorsolateral surface of the food-reservoir into the 
abdomen, where each gland divides into two branches which reach 
beyond the end of the abdomen and are therefore recurved, forming 
a large mass Iying on the top of the genitalia. Besides these two 
large glands there is a pair of large white branched thoracie glands 
(Fig. 15 and 14 Sg?); also a pair of membranous sacs (Fig. 13 and 148g?) 
with long ducts. The ducts of these three pairs of salivary glands 
meet in a common junction on each side of the oesophagus, and the 
resulting pair of ducts descend into the rostrum or “beak”, where 
they unite to form a single duct discharging into the barrel of the 
syringe. 
The syringe (Fig. 17) consists of a chitinous, circular barrel (Sb) 
into which enters at one side the end of the salivary duct (Sd), 
a valve (V) allowing ingress of fluid to the barrel, but preventing 
its exit. At the opposite side a corkserew duct (Sd) leads the saliva 
to the end of the hypopharynx. About the mid-height of the syringe- 
barrel is a cup shaped flexible plunger (Pl) attached all round the 
edge to the wall of the barrel; to its centre is attached the stift, 
chitinous plunger-rod (Pr). The upper end of this rod terminates 
in a thick disc of chitin, to which are attached on the upperside, 
the protractor muscles (Prm), and on the under side the retractor 
muscles (km). The other ends of the protractor muscles attach to 
the maxillary bridge (Fig. 6 Mb), whilst the other ends of the 
retractor muscles surround the exterior of the syringe-barrel and 
attach around its base. Thus by means of these opposing muscles 
the plunger is capable of a pumping action, the inverted top of the 
syringe barrel serving as a guide (Pg) to the plunger-rod. 
Posteriorly the oesophagus continues as a very slender tube to 
the anterior part of the abdomen, where it joins the stomach and 
gives off a very large diverticulum which I have called the food- 
reservoir (Fig. 6, 7, 14 Fr); this food reservoir passes backwards into the 
