Vol. VIII. 



] Oberholser, Genera and Species of Cygnincs. 



Genus Cygnus (Bechstein). 



Cygnus, Bechstein, Ornith. Taschenb. Deutschl., ii., 1803, p. 404, 

 note (type, Anas olor, Gmelin). 



Sthenelus, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v., 1882, pp. 183, 185 

 type. Anas melancorypha, Molina). 



Sthenelides, Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv., 1885. p 143 (type, 

 Anas melancorypha, Molina). 



Type. — Anas olor, Gmelin. 



Chars, gen. — Tertials and scapulars smooth ; culmen with a 

 prominent knob, or tubercle, at base ; tail longer than middle toe 

 with claw ; trachea not looped, and not entering sternum ; no 

 trace of a bronchial dilatation. 



Geographical Distrihiition. — Europe, central Asia, northern Africa, 

 and southern South America. 



Cygnus olor (Gmelin). 



Anas cygnus, B, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i., 1758, p. 122. 



Anas cygnits {mansuetits),* Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl., i., 1787, 

 p. 297 (Great Britain). 



Anas olor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., L, ii., 1788, p. 501. 



(?) Anas dirccBa, Hermann, Observ. Zool., 1804, P- I39- 



Cygnus gibbus, Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl., iv., i8og, 

 p. 815 (Thuringia, Germany). 



Cygnus sibilus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii., 1826, p. 215 

 (Russia). 



Cygnus niut'us, Forster, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 64 (Great 

 Britain), {nomen nudum). 



Cygnus gibbosus, Kuhl, Buff. Fig. Av. Nom. Syst., 1820, pp. 16, 

 26 (Meyer, MS.), {nom. nov. pro Anas olor, Gmelin). 



Cygnus mansuetus, Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 126 

 (Eastern Europe and Asia). 



Cygnus imnmtabilis, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 19 

 (Maidstone, Medway River, Kent, England). 



Cygnus sibilans, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, Fogl., 3rd ed., ii., 1858, 

 p. 386 {err. typ. pro Cygnus sibilus, Pallas). 



Cygnus tuber culirostris, Dubois, PI. Col. Ois. Belg., iii., i860, 

 p. 300. 



Cygnus unwini, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 413 (along the Jubbee, on 

 the borders of the Hazara and Rawulpindee districts, north-western 

 India). 



Cygnus urwini, Giebel, Thes. Ornith., i., 1872, p. 857 {err. typ. 

 pro Cygnus unwini). 



Anas cygnas, Tegetmeier, Reprint of Boddaert's Tabl. Planch. 

 Enlum., 1874, p. 54. {err. typ. pro Anas cygnus). 



Cygnus pelzelni, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v., 1882, p. 197 

 (Lake Menzaleh, Egypt). 



Cygnus olor, var. domestica, Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 

 xxvii., 1895, p. 37 {nom. nov. pro Cygnus immutabilis, Yarrell). 



* Not a valid specific or sub-specific term ; added to the name cygnus merely as 

 explanatory. 



