196 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 177 
Ficure 81.—Sketch map of E-7: Manakakashin, a habitation site of the Taruma Phase. 
cm. In diameter. The ground was thickly covered with leaves, but a 
few sherds were visible scattered on the surface. The site area is 
60 by 20 meters, slightly narrower than the hilltop (fig. 81). 
Cut 1, 1 by 1 meter, was excavated in the northeast end of the site 
in 8-cm. levels with the following characteristics: 
Level 0- 8em-_- Soil dark, brownish-gray, loose loam, containing flecks of 
charcoal and small sherds. 
Level 8-16cm_- Soil conditions similar; sherds fairly abundant, a few 
small stones and irregularly shaped concretions. 
Level 16-24 cm_. Soil same, roots still frequent, sherds sparse. Compact, 
sterile soil, slightly lighter in color than the occupation 
horizon occurred from 24 to 35 em. Below this was 
hard clay containing abundant, fine, iron-concretion 
gravel. 
Cut 2, also 1 by 1 meter, was dug near the opposite end of the site 
at the edge of the slope. It was also excavated in 8-cm. levels: 
Level 0- 8cm-_- Soil dark, grayish brown with a few small iron concre- 
tions; roots abundant. Sherds in good condition. 
Level 8-16cm_- Soil conditions same; sherds more abundant. 
Level 16-24 cm__ Sherds still abundant, soil slightly darker gray. Below 
24 cm. was sterile, compact, hard clay containing iron 
concretion gravel. 
