236 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 177 
shen Incised is characterized by a series of clear-cut and standardized 
patterns composed of zoned parallel lines, crosshatch, or zigzag lines. 
Onoro Stamped is a unique and highly distinctive ornamentation pro- 
duced by using the nut of the Murity palm as a roller stamp. Kas- 
sikaityu Punctate employs a wide variety of techniques, but the ar- 
rangement of the punctates follows a similar pattern of successive 
rows forming a band, usually below the rim. Manakakashin Red- 
on-White has three major motifs. Manakakashin Red has a red wash 
applied to one vessel surface. Of these types, only Manakakashin 
Red-on-White and Manakakashin Red show a slight tendency to in- 
creased popularity in the latter part of the Phase (fig. 101). The 
remainder exhibit a remarkable degree of consistency in both tech- 
nique and frequency from the earliest to the latest levels, making 
them valueless as time markers. It would have been impossible to 
determine the relative antiquity of the various sites without the de- 
tailed percentage analysis of the plain wares. 
Rim and base forms show little variation, perhaps because of the 
small size of the sample per level. Only in the plain pottery types can 
a few temporal differences be recognized. Yochdé Plain Form 1, a 
bowl with an interiorly thickened rim, occurs only in the early half 
of the sequence. Yoché Plain Form 3, a deep bowl with an exteriorly 
thickened or slightly everted rim, is absent from the lower third of 
the sequence. Kalunye Plain Form 4, a globular jar with an everted 
rim, is also absent from the lower third of the sequence. Kalunye 
Plain Form 4, a globular jar with an everted rim, is restricted to the 
upper third of the sequence. In both of these plain types, annular 
bases are early and rounded ones are late, whereas flat and slight- 
pedestal bases are found throughout the Phase. The absence of flat 
bases in Kalunye Plain in the early part of the seriation probably re- 
flects the relative rarity of that pottery type at that time, and the 
reduced possibility of base sherds occurring in a small sample, rather 
than the actual absence of the form. 
The majority of the remains of cultural significance other than 
potsherds are too rare to permit a temporal analysis even in terms 
of presence or absence. Those frequently encountered include pot 
rests and two kinds of raw materials: decomposed granite used to 
temper Yoché Plain, and felsite chips or cores from which cassava 
grater teeth were made. The distribution of these items indicates that 
the objects they reflect were present throughout the Phase (Appendix, 
table 29). 
Analysis of the site descriptions and the site seriation brings out 
several characteristics of the Taruma Phase settlement pattern. The 
majority of the village sites are surrounded by large field clearings, 
the exceptions being cases where the hilltop was too small to permit 
