44 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 



CARDINAL SHELLS 



The, information was obtained at Santa Clara that ^e)i 'abalone' is 

 the shell of tlie west; 'og.ae, applied to olivella and cowrie shells, 

 that of the south; fssgfa, applied to large white bivalves, that of the 

 east. A San Ildefonso Indian told the writer that '<;/'/ ' abalone' refers 

 to the west, but that he had forgotten the other identifications. The 

 Navalio shell assignments are given by the Franciscan Fathers.' 



CARDINAL TREES 



The native trees assigned by the Tewa to the cardinal points have 

 not been learned. Mrs. Stevenson records those of the Zuni- and the 

 Sia^. An investigator learned at Santa Clara four cardinal fruit 

 trees: north, ie 'apple'; west, mij/jwamie, a kind of apple that ripens 

 early, lit, St. John's apple {si]ij'j'rqij,f < Span. San Juan; be 'apple' 

 'fruit'), since it ripens in St. John's month, June; south, he'seji^ 

 'yellow plum' and pibe 'red plum' {he 'apple' 'fruit'; fseji''' 'yellow' ; 

 pi 'redness' 'red'); east, bep'oT'^ 'peach' {hi' 'apple' 'fruit'; po 

 'hair' 'hairy'; T' locative and adjective-forming posttix). 



CARDINAL MOUNTAINS 



The cardinal mountains are the same for San Juan, Santa Clara, and 

 San Ildefonso. From the other villages they have not been obtained. 

 North, Kcpiyf 'bear mountain ' (Z'^g 'bear"; piijf 'mountain'), San 

 Antonio Peak (see p. 560), northwest of Taos; west, TsU-uiimpijjf ' cov- 

 ered oljsidian mountain' {tsi ' flaking-stone obsidian'; himu 'to cover'; 

 piijj' 'moniitain'), Santa Clara Peak [2:13];'' south, 'Ohlpiijj' 'turtle 

 mountain' ("oZit 'turtle", pvjf 'mountain'), Sandia Mountain [29:83]; 

 east, '' Agaffs^nupijjf^ of obscure etymology (agat.fsena unexplained; 

 pi'Jf ' mountain'). Lake Peak [22:54]. There is no cardinal mountain 

 of the above or the below. The cardinal mountains are also called, 

 respectively, according to the regions: Pimpije''impii]f ' nortli moun- 

 tain' {pii/ip/je 'north'; 'iij.f locative and adjective-forming postfix; 

 pin J' 'mountain"), etc. 



Zuni and Sia cardinal mountains are mentioned by Mrs. Stevenson, 

 but not identified with mountains now existing on earth. The names of 

 the Navaho cardinal mountains have been recorded by Dr. Washington 

 Matthews, the Franciscan Fathers, and Dr. Edgar L. Hewett. 



CARDINAL SACRED WATER LAKES 



The cardinal sacred water lakes have been learned for San Ildefonso 

 only. When medicine water, wopo {wo 'medicine'; po 'water') is 

 prepared in connection with certain ceremonies, small (quantities of 



' All Ethnologie Dictionary (if the Xavaho Lansnage, p. 56, 1910. 



2 The Zuni Indians, p. 25. 



8 The Sia, p. 28. 



* See the accompanying maps, with explanat ion on p. 07. 



