HAKKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 95 



Rio Graude, and yet the name Posoge 'big river' [Large Features :3] 

 is applied to the latter only. Most of these names are made up of 

 nouns or of nouns and adjectives. A number contain verbs, as for 

 example: Eusy,n fy.piijj' ^ where the stones slide down' [2:15]. The 

 bahuvrihi type is rare; example: K'oso-ijf'qywi 'big-legging place' 

 pueblo of the people who have the big leggings' [Unmapped]. 



Names of obscure etymology, concerning the origin of which the 

 peojjle remember nothing, and which are nevertheless clearly of Tewa 

 origin, form quite a numerous class. A newly settled country has its 

 Saint Botolph's Towns, a country in which a language has long held 

 sway, its Bostons. The occurrence of a considerable sprinkling of 

 obscure names argues for the long habitation of the country by Tewa- 

 speaking Indians; names of this class are especiallj' noted in the treat- 

 ment below. 



The translation into Tewa of foreign place-names is very rare. 

 Aside from a number of problematical cases in which a Tewa name 

 may be the translation of a Spanish place-name, or vice versa, and 

 names like Taos Mountains, which would naturally be the same in all 

 languages, there is known to the writer only one translated foreign 

 name, that is, Tsepvjf ' Eagle Mountain ' [29:93], a peak south of Jcmez 

 Pueblo, which is clearly a translation of the current Jemez name. 



Quite a number of foreign names have, however, been borrowed by 

 the Tewa; thus Sunyl 'Zuni,'prol)ably borrowed from the Keresan. 



Folk etymology has distorted some of these foreign loan-names. 

 Keresan (Cochiti dialect) Kotfete, a word of obscure etymology even 

 in Keresan and which means nothing to the Tewa ear, has been taken 

 into Tewa and changed to Kute!e ' Stone Estufa'; see [28:77]. 



Some names of villages, mountains, rivers, etc., appear in various 

 Tanoan languages in cognate forms. These place-names were evi- 

 dently already in use at some remote time in the past when the Tanoan 

 languages were not so diversified as the}^ are at present. Such names 

 are discussed in the detailed treatment below. 



When a pueblo was shifted from one place to another, the old name 

 was regularly retained. There have been, for instance, three succes- 

 sive pueblos of the San Juan Indians called by the same name, ' Oke^ 

 each occupying a different site. Compare the English place-names 

 transferred to places in America by the English colonists. 



Some much-used names are abbreviations; thus PoQ,e 'Santa Fe' 

 for '' Og,aj)OQ.e or Kma^apoge [29:5]; ^w'w 'Espanola' for Bu^utsq.mbi''^ 

 [14:16]. 



The practice of distinguishing villages or mesas by numbering 

 them 'first', 'second', 'third', etc., seems to be peculiar to the Ilopi. 

 The Hopi distinguish the Tewa village of San Ildefonso as the 'first', 

 Santa Clara as the 'second', San Juan as the 'third', Tewa village. 

 See under the treatment of these village names. 



