96 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. asn. 29 



Sometimes we find two names for one place current in a single dia- 

 lect. Thus the Rito de los Frijoles [28:6] is in Tewa Puquug<^, alias 

 Tunaiahv^e. Again, two or more places have precisely the same 

 name. Almost every Tewa village has its ''ol'.uty,7)wxjo 'high hill', a 

 certain high hill near the village on which a shrine is situated being 

 called thus, although there may be higher hills in the neighborhood. 

 See [12:27], [19:27], [26:14]. There are several arroyos in the 

 Tewa country known as HiAahv^u 'dry arroyo'; see [1:31], [15:20]. 

 There is on^ P'efiru [3:3(3] in the Chama Valley, another [20: unlo- 

 cated] south of Buckman. Many streams are called by different 

 names in different parts of their courses, as the Chama River [Large 

 Features: 2], Pojoaque Creek [19:3], etc. On the other hand, several 

 arro3'os may have the same name if they come from the same water- 

 shed, as [10:13]. Two streams starting from a pass, gap, or moun- 

 tain in opposite directions sometimes bear the same name, as [13:19] 

 and [13:20]; [20:9] and [20:10], etc. 



Place-names overlap as much as among us. One place-name may 

 cover an area part of which is covered by one or more others. Such 

 an inclusive name as fumaps^yge 'the region about Buckman, south 

 of [20:5]' covers many other more limited named localities. Names 

 of small but important localities may be extended to cover the 

 region of which the locality forms part. Thus P' ejuplje 'toward 

 Abiquiu [3:36]' is used with the meaning 'up the Chama Valley', 

 since Al)iquiu is to the Tewa the most important place in the valley. 



Numerous instances will be noticed of a stream being called from a 

 height, or vice versa. 



The process of applying a name to a place not previously named, or 

 giving a new name to a place, could not be directly studied. It 

 occurs very rarely. It appears that a place-name is usually first 

 applied by a single individual. It may or may not be adopted by a 

 smaller or larger group of other individuals. Many, perhaps the 

 majority of place-names, exist for a shorter or longer time in the 

 mind of one or a few individuals onl}' and are then forgotten, never 

 becoming generally known to the community. The process can not 

 be called an unconscious one. 



How ancient or recent a place-name is can not in most instances be 

 determined. The vocabulary sometimes enables us to distinguish 

 post-Spanish names. TeMc^ekwaje 'break- wagon height' [2:40] and 

 Kaiaj II & iij fhu u 'colt ari'oyo' [17:42] are clearly given by a people 

 familiar with wagons and colts. 



Many Tewa place-names have Spanish counterparts of the same 

 meaning. In such instances the Tewa maj" l)e the translation of the 

 Spanish name, the Spanish may be a translation of the Tewa name, 

 both may be translations of a name in some other language, or both 

 may be descriptive and of the same or independent origin. It is im- 



