•98 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 



of a typical Plains tribe, as the Omaha. It appears that the Omaha 

 have fewer place-names than the Tewa, but more widely scattered and 

 more lucid Ij^ descriptive. A detailed study should be made of the 

 place-namin<^ customs of two such di\erse tribes. 



Large Features 



[Large Features:!]. (1) Pimpc^yge, Tsqmpye'i'^ pimpsey(je 'beyond 

 the mountains ' 'beyond the western mountains' {piuf 'moun- 

 tain'; Tsq.inpije'i'^ pVJf 'the Jemez Mountains' [Large Features: 

 8]; pwyije 'beyond'). This name is applied to the I'egion of the 

 " Valles"" [16:44], [16:45], [16:1P.1], and [27:6], q. v. 



(2) Eng. The Valles (<Span. (3)), "the Valles".^ 



(3) Span. Los Valles 'the valleys'. = Eng. (2). "Los Valles".= 

 These ai'e high, grass -grown meadow - valleys west of the 



crest of the Jemez Range {Tsq^np'tje' P^ p'bjf [Large Features: 8] ). 

 Such valleys are found also in the Peruvian Andes, where they are 

 called by the German-speaking inhabitants Wiesentiiler. There 

 are four of the Valles with distinct Spanish names: Valle de 

 Santa Rosa [16:45], Valle de los Posos [16:44], Valle Grande 

 [16:131], and Valle de San Antonio [27:6]. See also [2:11] and 

 Valle de Toledo [27:unlocated]. The Valles are at present unin- 

 habited and no ruins of former Indian settlement have been dis- 

 covered in them. This lack of inhabitants was perhaps due to 

 altitude, cold climate, and unsuitability for Indian agriculture. 



"Altitude may have been the main obstacle to settlement in some cases, for 

 the beautiful grassy basins, with aliundant water and fair quality of soil, that 

 extend west of Santa Fe [29:5] between the ranges of Abiquiu, Pelado, and 

 Sierra de Toledo on the east, and the Sierra de la Jara and the mountains of 

 Jemez on the west [for these names see under Ts6mpije' l' >■ fiv f [Large Features: 

 8] ], under tlie name of 'Los Valles', are destitute of ruins. There it is the 

 long wmter, pei'haps also the constant hostility of roaming tribes contending for a 

 region so abundant in game, that have kept the village Indian out."^ "Twenty- 

 five miles separate the outlet of the gorge [14:24] at Santa Clara [14:71] from 

 the crest of the Valles Mountains [Tx^mpijc' P > piy /»].* The Valles proper are 

 as destitute of ruins as the heartof the eastern mountain chain [ T'ampije'i' ' piy /] ; 

 beyond them begin the numerous ancient pueblos of the Jemez tribe".' 

 " Against the chain of gently sloping summits which forms the main range 



1 Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, p. 201, 1892. 



2 Ibid., pp. 12, 200. 

 nbid.,pp. 11-12. 



^"The distances are not absolutelyaccurate, but according to the statements made to me, the only 

 means of checking them being my own experience on foot. The view from the crest, where the 

 Pelado [2:13] looms up on one side and the Toledo range [a7:unlocated] on the other, is really 

 strilving. The sight of gras.sy levels glistening with constantly dripping moisture is something rare in 

 the Southwest. To heighten the effect, groves of ' Pino ReAl ' and mountain aspen rise everywhere. 

 The soil is very fertile, and there is abundant water, and yet no trace of ancient abodes has been 

 found. The winters are long in the Valles, and there is too much game not to attract the cupidity of 

 a powerful tribe like the Navajos [Navaho] .... I suppose that no ruin on the flanks of the chain, 

 both east and west, is to be found at an altitude exceeding TfiOQ feet." 



^ Bandelier, op. cit., pp.65-CG, and note. 



