224 ETIINOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 20 



[13:1] (1) Tsiktvaje, Tsil-UHig.e 'husalt heiifht' 'basalt mesa' {tsi 'ba- 

 salt'; kwaje 'height'; lwag.e 'large flat high i)lace' 'mesa'). 



(2) Eng. Canoe Mesa, Canoa Mesa. (<Span,). = Span. (4). 



(3) Eng. Black Mesa, Black Mesa near San Juan. =Span. (5). 

 Cf. [18:19]. "Black Mesa".' "Black Mesa (Mesa Canoa)". = 



(4) Span. Mesa de la Canoa, Mesa Canoa 'Canoe Mesa' 'boat 

 mesa'. =Eng. (2). "Mesade laCanoa''.^ "Black Mesa (Mesa 

 Canoa)".* 



(5) Span. Mesa Prieta 'black mesa'. =Eng. (;{). Cf. [18:1!)]. 

 The mesa is commonly' called thus by Mexicans of the vicinit3^ 

 Mr. Thomas S. Dozier of Espafiola informs the writer that this 

 is the name which appears on deeds and land grants; he has seen 

 a large lilueprint map which had this name on it. 



This high mesa with its dark cliffs is one of the most striking 

 geographical features of the Tewa region. It is called Black 

 Mesa from its color, and Canoe Mesa presumably because of its 

 oblong boatlike shape. The name Black ]\lcsa is better avoided, 

 lest it be confused with other mesas of the region called by this 

 name. The Tewa of all the villages call it Tsikwaje, or Tsihvage. 

 Bandelier^ says of the mesa: "In the east an extensive plateau, 

 covered by a layer of black trap, separates this valley [the Chama 

 Valley] from the Rio Grande; it is called the 'Mesa de la Canoa', 

 and there are no vestiges of antiquity on its surface so far as I am 

 aware, but there are rents and clefts in its eastern side that I have 

 reason to believe are used to-day by the Indians of San Juan for 

 sacrificial purposes". Canoe Mesa is crossed bj' at least two im- 

 portant trails; the Jiitapo [9:17]. and the Tseivipo [10:3]. It is 

 probably to the latter trail that Bandelier^ refers when he sa3's: 

 "A trail leads across it [Canoe Mesa] to the Rio Grande from Ojo 

 Caliente". See [5:54], [7:23], [13:2]. 



[13:2] San Juan Tsiwiii, Tsifn^u 'basalt point', referring to [13:1] 

 (foi 'basalt'; 'inui 'projecting corner or point'; /«'w 'projecting 

 point'). 



[13:3] San Juan Qivnhe^/i 'housetop height' {qwa showing state of 

 being a receptacle, as in te'jwd, 'house', poqwa 'reservoir for 

 water', gwas'j/ 'houserow of a pueblo'; l:Mi 'height' 'top'). It 

 is said that this long hill is so called because of its resemblance to 

 a house or row of houses; also, that Qwahedftoia (toia 'cliff's') is 

 either another name of the hill or a name of a localitv near the 

 hill. See [13:4]. 



1 Hewett, Antiquities, pi. svn, 19(16. 



sjeancon, Explorations in Chama Basin. New Mexico, Records of the Past, x, p. 92, 1911. 



3Bandelier, Final Report, pt.ii, p.f.3, 1892. 



* Jean^on, op. cit. 



^BaDdelier, op. cit., note. 



