462 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 



buildings iienr by, a kiva or sanctuary of the circular subterranean type on the 

 bGUch half way down the hill side; south of the river on San Miguel slope, a 

 small pueblo two stories high, and passing back and forth from these two 

 towns to the river, then considerably larger than now, the water carriers with 

 tlieir ollas on their heads. In the foreground, where the historic Old Palace 

 has undergone the vicissitudes of nearly three centuries, would have been seen 

 a cluster of ruined walls and rounded mounds, the remains of an earlier town, 

 over which some of the earliest houses of Santa Fe were doubtless built.. Such 

 is our conception of 'Prehistoric Santa Fe.'- 



In a more recent nunilier of the Santa Fe Nnt^ Mexican, Col. 

 R. E. Twitchell quotes a portion of Doctor Hewett's article 

 given in part above, and comments upon it as follows: 



Now when I read this description, I was taken by Doctor Hewett's definition 

 of the word "Analco," which he shows is a word of the Naliuatl language. 

 I repeatedly asked myself: How does it happen that an Aztec word is used as 

 a name for a New Mexico pueblo confessedly prehistoric, or Spanish at least? 

 During the first year of my residence in Santa Fe, it was my pleasure, coupled, 

 I admit, with a decided curiosity, to make some investigation of the old pueblo 

 ruins in that locality. As time progressed I became intensely interested, owing 

 doubtless to the presence and intimate acquaintance with Mr. A. F. Bandelier, 

 the greatest of living archeologists, who gave me mucli valuable informa- 

 tion, and pointed out to me many valuable "trails" which I assiduously fol- 

 lowed in making my amateur investigations and explorations. Bandelier never 

 suggested that "Analco" was a Nahuatl word, in fact I do not believe that it 

 ever occurred to him. He always believed that there was no pueblo on the 

 present site of the San Miguel church or near the so-called "oldest house," nor 

 were there any ruins of an old pueblo at that point when Onate made Santa Fe 

 his capital in 1605. There is no doubt that there was a pueblo on top of Fort 

 !\larcy; the foundations and remains of an old pueblo were used in the con- 

 struction of the fort, at the time of the American occupation, on top of the hill; 

 that is well known, but as to there having been any pueblo remains across the 

 river, I have serious doubt, and I shall give my reasons. Benavides, the his- 

 torian, in his memorial, written in 16.30, at page 26, says of the city of Santa 

 Fe: "Villa de Santa Fe, cabeza de este Reino, adonde residen los gobernadores, 

 y Espanoles, que seran hasta docientas y cincuenta aunque solos los cincuentase 

 podran armar por falta de armas ... a este presidio sustenta V. M. no con 

 pagas de su caxa real, sino haziendo los encomenderos de aquellos pueblos, por 

 mano del goViernador; el tribute que le.« dan los Indios, es cada casa una nianta, 

 que es una vara de lienzo de algodnn, y una fainega de maiz cada ano, con que 

 se sustentan los probes Espaiioles; tendran de servicio sectecientos almas de 

 suerte, que entre Espanoles mestizos, e Indios acerca mil almas." Now Mr. 

 Bandelier says that the "servicio" consisted of Mexican Indians, not of 

 Pueblos. The abodes of these were on the south bank of the Santa Fe River, 

 and the Church of San Miguel was the chajiel of the Mexican Indians, and not 

 a Pueblo church. In another account, a manuscript of August 13, fifty years 

 later, entitled Diario del Sition de Santa Fe, we find "Ya otro dia per la 

 manana se descubrio el egercito del enemigo en el Llano de las IMilpas de S. 

 Miguel, y cases de los Mexicanos sa(|neandolas." In the diary of Governor 

 Otermin, being his account of the retreat from Santa Fe, at the time of the 

 I'ueblo revolt of 1680, we find the above, and in ItiO:?, Diego de Vargas says: 

 "Pase a reconocer la Yglesia o ermita que servia de parroquia a los Yndios 



"- Hewett in Santa Fe New Mexican, Juik' 22. 1910. 



