512 ETHNOGEOGRAPHV OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 



considered as that of a pre-historic settlement or not, is also a matter of doubt. 

 That it was a Tanos [Tano] village is well ascertained, and its proper name was 

 Tung-ge, or Village of tlie Basket. ' It lies on a gentle bare slope near the banks 

 of a stream [29;70] which in the mountains farther south is called Rio de San 

 Pedro, lower down [than [29:82] or than where it is called RiodeSau Pedro?] 

 Uiia de Gate, and here takes the name of Arroyo del Tunque. A little beyond 

 the ruin the stream sinks and becomes a dry mountain torrent f(jr 12 miles, 

 to its mouth ojiposite the present pueblo of San Felipe [29:69]. Tung-ge 

 seems to have been the last Tanos [Tano] village towards the west, in pre- 

 historic times. It was also a very extensive pueblo, to be compared for size 

 and plan with the large and extended villages of Se-pii-ue [4:S] and Ho-ui-ri 

 [6:21] of the northern Tehua [Tewa] country. It formed a numljerof irregu- 

 lar squares, and sometimes two and three separate buildings constitute one side 

 of a quadrangle. The population was therefore not as large as the area covered 

 by the ruins might indicate. I was not able to find a single circular estufa. 

 The walls were mostly of adobe, and had the usual thickness (0.30 m., or one 

 foot). Rubble foundations are visible, but a portion of the ruins consists merely 

 of low mounds. This is particularly the case in the north and east, or on the 

 highest ground. In the western portions tiie interior of the first story is partly 

 exposed, showing the roof or ceiling made in the usual jiueblo fashion by round 

 beams supporting rough splinters, and these in turn a layer of earth. The 

 average of eighty-four rooms measured gave 3.4 by 3.2 meters (11 feet 2 inches 

 by 10 feet 6 inches). 



The buildings were two stories high in most places; but the existence of a 

 third story is not impossible. Pottery is scattered about in profusion, and it 

 shows no difference from that at Galisteo [29:.39] and other points in the 

 Tanos country where the puelilo type of architecture was represented. I 

 noticed a great deal of obsidian and basalt, fragmentary and complete arrow- 

 heads of both materials, also stone axes, corn grinders, and a few stone chisels 

 and knives; even a spade made of basalt was picked up at Tunque, and is now 

 in my possession. I have not heard of metallic objects. The various objects 

 indicate a primitive culture, one probably anterior to the coming of Europeans; 

 but this is by no means sufficient evidence to justify the conclusion that the 

 pueblo was not also inhabited during historic times. 



The former fields of the pueblo can be traced along the Arroyo del Tejon 

 [29:80], and along the dry Arroyo de la Yuta [29:unlocated], in places at a 

 distance of 2 and 3 miles from the ruins. Little watch houses of which 

 only the foundations are visible indicate their location. These watch houses, 

 equivalent to the 'summer ranches' of the Indians of to-day, are usually 

 cpiadrangular and of one room only; still I find one with two rooms and of an 

 L shape. Their average size corresponds nearly to that of single rooms in a 

 pueblo of the ancient pattern, with two exceptions. These two, being very 

 small, may have been guard houses merely, where the crops were watched in 

 the daytime or at night, whereas the otiier may have sheltered entire families 

 during the summer.- The foundations are rubble, and the same kind of pot- 

 sherds are scattered about as at the pueblo. 



The Arroyo del Tejon [29:S0] has permanent water as far as these structures 

 are found. I have not noticed any trace of ancient acequias [ditches] ; but 

 there is no impossibility that such existed, and that the Tanos of Tunque cul- 

 tivated by irrigation. Along the Arroyo de la Yuta [29:unlocated] the banks 



1 " Tung [ Tuyf] is the Tehua word for basket or tray."— Bandeliee, Final Report, pt, n, p. 109, 1892. 



2 •' Even to-day, people at the Tejon sleep out of doors in summer, as do most of the I'uelilos while out 

 on the ranches. The house (or shanty) is only used for cooking, for sheltering the tools and household 

 articles, and in case of rain or exceptionally cool weather."— Ibid., p. 111. 



