■522 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. anx. 29 



here. There is a wagon bridge [29:122] across the Kio Grande 

 northwest of the center of Bernalillo. 



"Bernalillo was founded by Vargas in 1695, after the Spanish 

 power had been re-established."^ For pueblo ruins at Bernalillo 

 see [22:97], [29:98], [29:99], 129:123], and Navaho "Tqo Haji- 

 lehe" [29:unloeated]. 

 [29:97] (1) Sandia "Kua-ua."= "Kuaua.'"^ 



(2) Span. "Torreon.""* This means 'large tower,' being the 

 augmentative of torre ' tower.' "The site also bears the Spanish 

 name of 'Torreon,' but I saw no trace of a round tower, as the 

 designation would imply."* 



Whether the ruin on the Mesa del Cangelon [29:78] is that of a Tigua [Tiwa] 

 pueblo, or whether it was the ancient pueblo of the Queres [Keresans] of Santa 

 Ana [29:95], is still doubtful. [[Footnote:'] I have lately been informed that 

 there is a ruin [Pueblo Ruin] oi^posite Algodones [29;uulocated], in which case 

 the one [29:87] on the Cangelon [29:86] must have been a Tigua [Tiwa] pueblo. 

 Not having in.vestigated the locality myself, I withhold my opinion.] But it 

 [29:87] is, at all events, the first of a series of ruins scattered along the right 

 [west] bank of the Rio Grande. The l>luffs on that.side hug the river bank quite 

 closely, leaving only a narrow striji of fertile bottom, but affording excellent 

 sites for lookouts. A huge lava flow approaches these bluffs from the west, and 

 reaches the river south of Bernalillo [29:96], receding from it again near .\lbu- 

 querque [29:10:^]. It is separated from the great lava deposits [29:67] of San 

 Felipe [29:69] by the sandy bottom of the Jemez stream [29:89], and by a 

 low mesa with reddish soil that faces Bernalillo [29:96]. On the brink of 

 that mesa [with reddish soil] stand four ruins [[29:97] counted as two by 

 Bandelier, but described as one, [29:98] and [29:99]], directly opposite the 

 latter town [29:96]. 



North of thel)ridge [29:122] across the Rio Grande [from Bernalillo [29:96]] 

 ' lie the remains of a considerable village. 1 have not been able to ascertain 

 whether it was one of the historical pueblos of Coronado's time, or whether 

 its aljandonment antedated 1540. The name given to me by the Sandia 

 [29:109] Indians, Kua-ua, seems to designate the site and not the ruin. Stillit 

 may also have been the name of the latter. Figure 24 of Plate i [of Final Report, 

 pt. II, 1892] is intended for a representation of its ground plan, and it will be seen 

 that the village consisted of a main building with two wings . . . Another 

 ruined structure, measuring 55 by 22.3 meters (168 by 68 feet), stands in the 

 front of this building, almost equidistant from the eastern ends of the northern 

 wing and the central projection. The northern wing is 149 meters (455 feet) 

 long, the west side of the house 132 meters (403 feet), and the southern wing 60 

 meters (210 feet) ; so that this building is one of the largest of the pueblo houses 

 of New Mexico. [ [ Footnote:'] The large house at Pecos [29 :33] has a perimeter 

 of 362 meters (1,190 feet), and the 'Pueblo Bonito' [of northwestern New 

 Mexico] comes next to it; the length of the two wings at Kuaua and of the 

 western side, together, is 350 meters (1,068 feet).] 



It is impossible to deternnne exactly how many stories this great house orig- 

 inally had, but it seems almost certain thai there were more than two in some 

 parts of it; I therefore estimate its population at not over 600 souls. 



' Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii. pp. •22I-222, l.'<92. 



nbid., p. 225. 



'Ibid., pp. 225 and note, 226 and note, 227. 



< Ibid., p. 226. 



