GO DIVISION I. VEUTEEKAL ANIMALS. — CLASS I. MAMMALIA. 



loplioiii, (J:ist;ib:inentos, tlie Gauls, the tril)C.s on tlie Meander, and the 

 (lirainantes of tlie AfViean Zaara. Tiie olde.st (icrnKUiic tribes likewise 

 used dogs ; and tlie C'yniliers, -wjien they were defeated by ^larius, left the 

 gldi-y of a long and olistinate resistanee to the Kuinan legions in the liands 

 (if tiieir women and tlie valor of their dogs, who formed the defensise forec 

 of the wagi>n-ram[)art that enclosed their camp. -The practice of using 

 watch dogs to guard f irtresscs and castles continued until the introduction 

 of regular armies. The town of St. 3.1alo, in France, for several centuries 

 was guarded hy a few watchmen, and many dugs kept at the public ex- 

 pense, who were unchained as soon as the gates were locked. The liho- 

 dian knights trained theirs with particidar care I'or this service. In the 

 history of the invasion of I'eru by the Sjianiards, the names of two dogs are 

 recorded which received regular soldiers' rations. 



Ijut it was for the pur[)i)se of watching tlie flocks and hunting that dugs 

 were most universally trained from the earliest ages, and that pains began 

 to be taken to improve their required qualities l>3' crossing the breeds of 

 dillircnt countries. 'J'lie Cynegetica of the Younger Xenophon, (Jratius 

 Falisius, Aurelius Xemesianus, Oppian, and ^Elian, contain many particu- 

 lars (in the question connected with this suliject. A\'e learn from them, 

 that altliough the (ireeks had many races of dogs, the distinct v.aricties in 

 their possession were not mnnerous, and that while their instinctive (juali- 

 ties were as jierfcct as now, they had Jiot yet acquired that couqilete 

 dotility which incessant training and education have since produced. 



In a series of sixteen or seventeen breeds of hunting dogs then existing in 

 AVestern Asia, Greece, Italy, and to the north of ^Macedonia, there ajijiears 

 to have been only two races ; one of Cireyhounds, the other of a kind of 

 dogs hnntiiig liv the scent. Most of these wei-e named after the nations 

 where thcv were bred ; but others, particularly in Greece, were sulidivided 

 under appellations of their supposed original owners, or from qualities 

 fir which they were celebrated. Thus the Iberian, Galilean, and Cariaa 

 were jVsiatIc ; the Thracian, Sam'omatan, Tliessalian, and I'a'onian were 

 extra Grecian ; the Ausonian, Arcadian, Laconian, I.(Ocrian, and Cretan 

 were Greek. Among the last nn'ntioned were the breeds called Castorian, 

 ^lenelaides, and llermodian, named after the heroes who were supposed to 

 have reared them. 



The (_'\pceli, or dogs without feet, lircd in Achaia, were most likely very 

 ilcet (irevhounds. The .Spartan, or Laconian, asserted to be a cross breed 

 derived from foxes, or more likely from the Chryscan group, hunted by the 

 scent. The Ghaonian, no doubt, had also a mixed origin, or were a domes- 

 ticated race of Chaontes, or Chrysean wild dogs, allied to the ^Molossian, 

 which race was a broad-mouthed bleed, and therefore connected with the 



