370 DIVISION I. VERTEBRAL ANIMALS. —CLASS I. MAMMALIA. 
Multnomahs, Clatrops, and other tribes. Their haunts and numbers are 
unknown. They live by fishing as well as hunting, and differ in manners 
and customs from the tribes east of the Rocky Mountains. They are neither 
so well fed or clad. Most of these tribes have the practice of flattening the 
heads of infants between boards, whence the general name of Flatheads. 
They have some commerce with ships on the north-west coast. Nothing is 
known of the language of any of these people. In the south of the United 
States, we have four tribes, viz., the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, and 
Creeks. All these have made some progress in civilization. The Cherokees 
have a written and printed language, said to be radically different from all 
others. They number about fifteen thousand souls. The Choctaws and 
Chickasaws are each more numerous. North of Great Slave Lake is anothes 
family of Indians, among which are the Chippewyans, the Copper Indians, 
the Hare Indians, and the Dog Ribs. Of these the Chippewyans, the 
Copper Indians, and the Dog Ribs speak the same language. They all 
wage war with the Esquimaux. The Dog Ribs are also oppressed and per- 
secuted by the Copper Indians, who rob them, and take from them their 
women, whenever an opportunity occurs. These tribes live by hunting the 
reindeer chiefly, and by fishing in the winter. Their morals and manners 
are below the standard of their southern neighbors, and their number is very 
small. There are also the remnants of some tribes residing within the limits 
of the United States, viz., the Mohegans, the Delawares, the Shawanoes, 
the Senacas, the Oneidas, the Piankashaws, and some others. Most of these 
live by agriculture as well as the chase. Intercourse with the whites has 
not been advantageous to them. They have learned all the vices of the 
civilized state without its virtues. Besides all these, there is a tribe in the 
interior of Newfoundland, who have shunned all intercourse with the whites.. 
The Indians have uniformly resisted all attempts to civilize them, where they 
could support themselves by the chase. Some few tribes, such as the 
Southern Indians and the remnants of the Six Nations, having been hemmed 
in by the whites, and circumscribed in their limits, so as to be unable to live 
by hunting, have turned to agriculture for subsistence. But such a depar- 
ture from the habits of savage life is not to be found where there is a possi- 
bility of supporting life by other means. The hospitality of Indians is 
among their most striking qualities. In any of the tribes, a stranger is 
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received with the utmost respect and attention. His person and property 
are considered sacred. 
A pleasing and eraphie writer, whose name we have not been able to as- 
certain, has furnished the following description of Indian manners : — 
“With all, or almost all the Indian tribes, the sole care of the men is to 
provide food. The labor is the exclusive lot of women. The use of the 
